Pathophysiology: Basics Flashcards
Cells form –> _____ –> _____ –> body systems
tissues; organs
Cells are composed of various structures called _____, each w/ specific functions.
organelles
What is the energy source that the cell utilizes to fuel its cellular activities?
ATP
Which organelle is known as the “powerhouse” of the cell that utilizes O2 in cellular aerobic metabolism to yield ATP?
Mitochondria
_____ and the endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins and metabolize fats within the cell.
Ribosomes
Which organelle is responsible for packaging and releasing proteins made by the cell?
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes are organelles that contain _____ that break down cellular waste (cytoplasmic digestion)
enzymes
Cell division occurs in two stages. In the first stage, _____ the nucleus and genetic material divide. The second stage, _____ the cytoplasm divides resulting in 2 genetically identically daughter cells.
mitosis; cytokinesis
If there are enough cellular reserve available and the body doesn’t detect abnormalities, the cells adapts by ____, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, _____, or dysplasia.
atrophy; metaplasia
Which adaptive cellular change is a reversible reduction in the size of the cell resulting from disuse, insufficient blood flow, malnutrition, denervation or reduced?
Atrophy
After stroke, the muscle cells in a paralyzed arm that has lost sensory and motor function will be diminished in size. This is an example of which adaptive cellular change?
Atrophy
Hypertrophy is an ↑ in the size of a cell d/t _____ workload. It can result from normal physiologic conditions or abnormal pathologic conditions.
↑
In bodybuilding, an athlete lifts heavier and heavier weights to build the arm muscles; muscles cells ↑ in size, creating an enlarged biceps muscle. This is an example of which adaptive cellular change?
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia is an ↑ in the _____ of cells and is caused by ↑ workload, hormonal stimulation or lack of degeneration of cells. (“Think crowded”
#
As the older adult male ages into his 60s and 70s, the prostate gland undergoes which adaptive change thereby inhibiting urinary flow?
Hyperplasia
_____ is the replacement of one adult cell w/ another type of adult cell that can better endure the stress or the change in the environment. It’s usually a response to chronic inflammation, or irritation.
Metaplasia
In chronic gastroesophageal reflux of stomach acid into esophagus, the lower squamous-shaped esophageal epithelial cells can change to look more like columnar-shaped stomach cells – Barrett esophagus. This is what cellular adaptive change?
Metaplasia
In dysplasia, deranged cell growth of specific tissue results in abnormal size, shape, and _____.
appearance
Dysplastic cell changes are adaptive and potentially reversible; however they usually proceed to cancerous changes called _____.
neoplasia
Chronic HPV infection of the cervix can lead to cervical cancer. This is an example of which cellular adaptive change?
Dysplasia
What are the 4 causes of cell injury? HINT: TIPD
- Toxin or other lethal (cytotoxic) substance: Endogenous (genetically determined metabolic errors, hypersensitivity rxns) and Exogenous (alcohol, smoking, ingested toxins)
- Infection or inflammation: Viral, fungal, protozoan, bacterial agents
- Physical insult or injury: Thermal (electrical or radiation) and mechanical (trauma or surgery)
- Deficit or lack of water, O2, blood flow or nutrients
A type of nonlethal cell damage known as programmed degeneration is also called _____, generally occurs in specific cells in the body.
apoptosis
Necrosis refers to cell death and is usually localized and easily identifiable. TRUE or FALSE.
TRUE
During the normal process of cellular aging, cells may lose structure and function or control of cellular replication. TRUE or FALSE.
TRUE
Ovarian degeneration in female menopausal people and ↓ muscle mass in the older adult are examples of atrophy or hyperplasia?
Atrophy
Benign prostate hyperplasia in the older adult male and pigmented skin lesions (age spots) in older adults are examples of atrophy. TRUE or FALSE.
FALSE. They are examples of hypertrophy.
The body is constantly striving to maintain a dynamic, steady state of internal balance called what?
Homeostasis
How are the following brain structures responsible for maintaining homeostasis?
Medulla oblongata; Hypothalamus and pituitary gland; and Reticular Formation
- Medulla Oblongata: Associated w/ vital function i.e. consciousness, respiration, and circulation
- Hypothalamus and pituitary gland: Regular function of endocrine glands and a person’s growth, maturation, and reproduction
- Reticular formation: Control vital reflexes i.e. consciousness, cardiovascular function, and respiration
What are the three components that make the feedback mechanisms of the endocrine system?
- Sensor mechanism that senses disruptions in homeostasis
- Control center that regulates the body’s response to disruptions in homeostasis (CNS)
- Effector mechanism that acts to restore homeostasis
How does the negative feedback mechanism differ from the positive feedback one?
Negative feedback works to restore homeostasis by ↓ hormone secretion within the system whereas positive feedbacks triggers additional hormone secretion.
When the body detects a high level of cortisol (secreted by the adrenal gland) in the blood, it signals the pituitary gland to ↓ stimulation of the adrenal gland to return to homeostasis. This is example of negative or positive feedback loop?
Negative
When blood glucose is too low, the body senses this, triggering the pancreas to secrete the hormone glucagon which breaks down stored sugar in the liver to ↑ blood glucose then homeostasis of the blood glucose level is achieved. This is example of which type of feedback mechanism?
Positive
The cause of disease is also called what?
Etiology
Disease w/ no known causes are called _____.
idiopathic
Name some examples of intrinsic and extrinsic; and stressors that cause disease.
- Intrinsic: Hereditary traits, age, biological sex
- Extrinsic: Infectious agents or behaviors i.e. inactivity, smoking, drug use
- Stressors: Physiologic or psychologic
Pathogenesis refers to the _____ of a disease.
development
Pts w/ chronic diseases may undergo periods of remission and exacerbation. What is the difference between remission and exacerbation?
- Remission: Pt’s symptoms lessen in severity or disappear
- Exacerbation: Pt experiences an aggravation of symptoms or an ↓ in the severity of the disease.
The diseases progresses through the following stages: exposure or injury –> _____ period –> prodromal period –> acute phase –> remission –> _____–> recovery
incubation; convalescence
During which disease stage is the most contagious phase of an infectious disease?
Prodromal period
The disease reaches its full intensity and the full extent of symptoms show in this disease stage?
Acute phase
According to Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Model, the body reacts to stress in the following stages: physical or psychological stress –> _____ –> resistance –> recovery or _____
alarm; exhaustion
In the alarm stage, teh body senses stress, and the CNS is aroused causing the release of what hormones?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine (plus more)
What occurs in the resistance stage of Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Model?
The body responds to the stressors and attempts to return to homeostasis– coping mechanisms are used.
According to Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Model, what happens when stress comes to an end? What about when it doesn’t stop?
- If stress comes to an end, the body should be able to return to normal state– recovery
- If stress doesn’t stop, exhaustion occurs where the body can no longer produces hormones as in alarm stage and organ damage begins
Stress (physiologic or psychological) causes the adrenal gland to secrete excessive _____ levels which ↓ the function of WBCs –> ↓ immunity.
coritsol
