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Nursing Study > Pathophysiology: Basics > Flashcards

Pathophysiology: Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Cells form –> _____ –> _____ –> body systems

A

tissues; organs

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2
Q

Cells are composed of various structures called _____, each w/ specific functions.

A

organelles

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3
Q

What is the energy source that the cell utilizes to fuel its cellular activities?

A

ATP

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4
Q

Which organelle is known as the “powerhouse” of the cell that utilizes O2 in cellular aerobic metabolism to yield ATP?

A

Mitochondria

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5
Q

_____ and the endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins and metabolize fats within the cell.

A

Ribosomes

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6
Q

Which organelle is responsible for packaging and releasing proteins made by the cell?

A

Golgi apparatus

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7
Q

Lysosomes are organelles that contain _____ that break down cellular waste (cytoplasmic digestion)

A

enzymes

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8
Q

Cell division occurs in two stages. In the first stage, _____ the nucleus and genetic material divide. The second stage, _____ the cytoplasm divides resulting in 2 genetically identically daughter cells.

A

mitosis; cytokinesis

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9
Q

If there are enough cellular reserve available and the body doesn’t detect abnormalities, the cells adapts by ____, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, _____, or dysplasia.

A

atrophy; metaplasia

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10
Q

Which adaptive cellular change is a reversible reduction in the size of the cell resulting from disuse, insufficient blood flow, malnutrition, denervation or reduced?

A

Atrophy

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11
Q

After stroke, the muscle cells in a paralyzed arm that has lost sensory and motor function will be diminished in size. This is an example of which adaptive cellular change?

A

Atrophy

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12
Q

Hypertrophy is an ↑ in the size of a cell d/t _____ workload. It can result from normal physiologic conditions or abnormal pathologic conditions.

A

↑

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13
Q

In bodybuilding, an athlete lifts heavier and heavier weights to build the arm muscles; muscles cells ↑ in size, creating an enlarged biceps muscle. This is an example of which adaptive cellular change?

A

Hypertrophy

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14
Q

Hyperplasia is an ↑ in the _____ of cells and is caused by ↑ workload, hormonal stimulation or lack of degeneration of cells. (“Think crowded”

A

#

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15
Q

As the older adult male ages into his 60s and 70s, the prostate gland undergoes which adaptive change thereby inhibiting urinary flow?

A

Hyperplasia

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16
Q

_____ is the replacement of one adult cell w/ another type of adult cell that can better endure the stress or the change in the environment. It’s usually a response to chronic inflammation, or irritation.

A

Metaplasia

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17
Q

In chronic gastroesophageal reflux of stomach acid into esophagus, the lower squamous-shaped esophageal epithelial cells can change to look more like columnar-shaped stomach cells – Barrett esophagus. This is what cellular adaptive change?

A

Metaplasia

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18
Q

In dysplasia, deranged cell growth of specific tissue results in abnormal size, shape, and _____.

A

appearance

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19
Q

Dysplastic cell changes are adaptive and potentially reversible; however they usually proceed to cancerous changes called _____.

A

neoplasia

20
Q

Chronic HPV infection of the cervix can lead to cervical cancer. This is an example of which cellular adaptive change?

A

Dysplasia

21
Q

What are the 4 causes of cell injury? HINT: TIPD

A
  • Toxin or other lethal (cytotoxic) substance: Endogenous (genetically determined metabolic errors, hypersensitivity rxns) and Exogenous (alcohol, smoking, ingested toxins)
  • Infection or inflammation: Viral, fungal, protozoan, bacterial agents
  • Physical insult or injury: Thermal (electrical or radiation) and mechanical (trauma or surgery)
  • Deficit or lack of water, O2, blood flow or nutrients
22
Q

A type of nonlethal cell damage known as programmed degeneration is also called _____, generally occurs in specific cells in the body.

A

apoptosis

23
Q

Necrosis refers to cell death and is usually localized and easily identifiable. TRUE or FALSE.

A

TRUE

24
Q

During the normal process of cellular aging, cells may lose structure and function or control of cellular replication. TRUE or FALSE.

A

TRUE

25
Q

Ovarian degeneration in female menopausal people and ↓ muscle mass in the older adult are examples of atrophy or hyperplasia?

A

Atrophy

26
Q

Benign prostate hyperplasia in the older adult male and pigmented skin lesions (age spots) in older adults are examples of atrophy. TRUE or FALSE.

A

FALSE. They are examples of hypertrophy.

27
Q

The body is constantly striving to maintain a dynamic, steady state of internal balance called what?

A

Homeostasis

28
Q

How are the following brain structures responsible for maintaining homeostasis?
Medulla oblongata; Hypothalamus and pituitary gland; and Reticular Formation

A
  • Medulla Oblongata: Associated w/ vital function i.e. consciousness, respiration, and circulation
  • Hypothalamus and pituitary gland: Regular function of endocrine glands and a person’s growth, maturation, and reproduction
  • Reticular formation: Control vital reflexes i.e. consciousness, cardiovascular function, and respiration
29
Q

What are the three components that make the feedback mechanisms of the endocrine system?

A
  1. Sensor mechanism that senses disruptions in homeostasis
  2. Control center that regulates the body’s response to disruptions in homeostasis (CNS)
  3. Effector mechanism that acts to restore homeostasis
30
Q

How does the negative feedback mechanism differ from the positive feedback one?

A

Negative feedback works to restore homeostasis by ↓ hormone secretion within the system whereas positive feedbacks triggers additional hormone secretion.

31
Q

When the body detects a high level of cortisol (secreted by the adrenal gland) in the blood, it signals the pituitary gland to ↓ stimulation of the adrenal gland to return to homeostasis. This is example of negative or positive feedback loop?

A

Negative

32
Q

When blood glucose is too low, the body senses this, triggering the pancreas to secrete the hormone glucagon which breaks down stored sugar in the liver to ↑ blood glucose then homeostasis of the blood glucose level is achieved. This is example of which type of feedback mechanism?

A

Positive

33
Q

The cause of disease is also called what?

A

Etiology

34
Q

Disease w/ no known causes are called _____.

A

idiopathic

35
Q

Name some examples of intrinsic and extrinsic; and stressors that cause disease.

A
  • Intrinsic: Hereditary traits, age, biological sex
  • Extrinsic: Infectious agents or behaviors i.e. inactivity, smoking, drug use
  • Stressors: Physiologic or psychologic
36
Q

Pathogenesis refers to the _____ of a disease.

A

development

37
Q

Pts w/ chronic diseases may undergo periods of remission and exacerbation. What is the difference between remission and exacerbation?

A
  • Remission: Pt’s symptoms lessen in severity or disappear
  • Exacerbation: Pt experiences an aggravation of symptoms or an ↓ in the severity of the disease.
38
Q

The diseases progresses through the following stages: exposure or injury –> _____ period –> prodromal period –> acute phase –> remission –> _____–> recovery

A

incubation; convalescence

39
Q

During which disease stage is the most contagious phase of an infectious disease?

A

Prodromal period

40
Q

The disease reaches its full intensity and the full extent of symptoms show in this disease stage?

A

Acute phase

41
Q

According to Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Model, the body reacts to stress in the following stages: physical or psychological stress –> _____ –> resistance –> recovery or _____

A

alarm; exhaustion

42
Q

In the alarm stage, teh body senses stress, and the CNS is aroused causing the release of what hormones?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine (plus more)

43
Q

What occurs in the resistance stage of Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Model?

A

The body responds to the stressors and attempts to return to homeostasis– coping mechanisms are used.

44
Q

According to Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Model, what happens when stress comes to an end? What about when it doesn’t stop?

A
  • If stress comes to an end, the body should be able to return to normal state– recovery
  • If stress doesn’t stop, exhaustion occurs where the body can no longer produces hormones as in alarm stage and organ damage begins
45
Q

Stress (physiologic or psychological) causes the adrenal gland to secrete excessive _____ levels which ↓ the function of WBCs –> ↓ immunity.

A

coritsol

Nursing Study (6 decks)

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