Pathophysiology

Question 1

Describe pain from a dissecting aortic aneurysm

Answer 1

Sudden-onset high intensity

Question 2

What is the highest bone in the laryngopharynx

Answer 2

Hyoid

Question 3

The body’s failure to compensate for a drop in oxygen perfusion results in

Answer 3

Hypoperfusion, Low Cardiac Output, Increased Pre-load

Question 4

State the blood concentration of plasma and other elements

Answer 4

Plasma 55% Elements 45%

Question 5

Systolic Blood Pressure is generally higher in which gender?

Answer 5

Male

Question 6

What effect does a blood loss of 25% have on the heart rate?

Answer 6

Tachycardia

Question 7

Describe the symptoms of stable angina

Answer 7

Heavy, dull, ‘pressure-like’ pain, lasting 10-15 mins or less, comes on during a predictable amount of exercise.

Question 8

Describe the pathophysiology of neurogenic shock

Answer 8

Loss of sympathetic nervous tone

Question 9

The primary bronchi divide into

Answer 9

Secondary bronchi

Question 10

secondary bronchi divide into

Answer 10

Tertiary/segmental bronchi

Question 11

Segmental bronchi divide into

Answer 11

Bronchioles

Question 12

At the end of bronchioles, there are

Answer 12

Alveoli

Question 13

Are beta-blockers agonists or antagonists

Answer 13

Antagonists

Question 14

Condition: a foreign protein enters the body and gives rise to a severe allergic reaction

Answer 14

Anaphylaxis

Question 15

Condition: a foreign protein enters the body and gives rise to a severe allergic reaction resulting in tachycardia, hypotension, and tachypnoea.

Answer 15

Anaphylactic shock

Question 16

When the heart muscle is contracted and emptying

Answer 16

Systole

Question 17

When the heart muscle is relaxed and filling

Answer 17

Diastole

Question 18

The amount of blood in the heart at the end of diastole

Answer 18

Pre-load

Question 19

Resistance the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood

Answer 19

Afterload

Question 20

Part of the nervous system that controls fight or flight reflexes,

Answer 20

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 21

Part of the nervous system that controls the slow-moving reflexes, such as the reproductive system or the digestive system.

Answer 21

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 22

Type of antagonist medication that blocks the receptors that adrenaline normally attaches to, slowing the heart rate, and lowering the blood pressure

Answer 22

Beta-Blockers (Propanolol, Atenolol, Bisoprolol)

Question 23

Type of medication that slows down the nervous system by increasing the effect of GABA resulting in sedation, anti-convulsant, and muscle-relaxant effects.

Answer 23

Benzodiazepines (diazepam, lorazepam)

Question 24

A type of body fluid found in body cavities that reduces friction between two membranes. commonly found in the pericardium, meninges, and pleura.

Answer 24

Serous Fluid

Question 25

Medication that widens blood vessels (by forcing them to relax. Nitrate-->nitrous oxide, metabolises releasing proteins that relaxes the smooth muscle in the blood vessels.

Answer 25

Glyceryl TriNitrate (Nitroglycerin)

Question 26

Cushings Triad is indicative of...

Answer 26

Increased intracranial pressure

Question 27

Cushing's Triad symptoms

Answer 27

Hypertension, bradycardia, bradypnoea

Question 28

What causes someone to look 'pale'

Answer 28

Vasoconstriction of the cutaneous circulation

Question 29

What is the most significant change in a patient's vital signs when a differential diagnosis is an intracranial haematoma?

Answer 29

Reduced level of consciousness (GCS)

Question 30

Most beneficial treatment for a tension pneumothorax?

Answer 30

Needle Thoracocentesis

Question 31

Name the Deadly Dozen Chest injuries (CAFOTH)

Answer 31

``` Cardiac Tamponade Airway obstruction Flail Chest Open Pneumothorax Tension Pneumothorax Haemothorax ```

Question 32

The calculation for Mean Arterial Pressure

Answer 32

[ 2(DBP) + 1(SBP) ] / [3]

Question 33

The Calculation for Cerebral Perfusion Pressure

Answer 33

MAP - ICP = CPP

Question 34

The two life-threatening features of anaphylaxis

Answer 34

Widespread vasodilation and bronchoconstriction

Question 35

The 6 layers of the head in order from outside to inside (SPS DAP)

Answer 35

Scalp, Periosteum, Skull, Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

Question 36

Name the position where the patient is sat at a 45* angle.

Answer 36

Semi-recumbent (Fowler's)

Question 37

Name the position where the patient is lying flat on their back

Answer 37

Supine

Question 38

Name the position where the patient is lying flat on their front

Answer 38

Prone

Question 39

How should you transport a patient if there is a high index of suspicion towards a tension pneumothorax

Answer 39

Recovery position with the affected side underneath.

Question 40

How could you improvise a splint for a flail segment of ribs?

Answer 40

Use a fluid bag in the segment space.

Question 41

Spinal cord injuries result in enlarged vascular compartments. Why?

Answer 41

Loss of sympathetic tone caused by spinal cord injury means it requires more effort for blood to return to the heart, as such it creates a 'backlog' of blood, causing fluid to be pushed into the surrounding tissue, identified by 'pitting' peripheral oedema.

Question 42

What do histamines do to the circulatory system?

Answer 42

Vasodilation (increases blood vessel permeability) and increases heart rate.

Question 43

What do histamines do to the respiratory system?

Answer 43

Bronchoconstriction

Question 44

An Antimuscarinic/Anticholinergic Medication that is given to speed up a heart rate of less than 40 where the patient is symptomatic and deteriorating.

Answer 44

Atropine

Question 45

A fancy name for an itch,

Answer 45

Pruritus

Question 46

A fancy name for an itchy red rash

Answer 46

Urticaria

Question 47

Condition: the Sino-atrial node stops firing, causing the atria to contract at random intervals, meaning the ventricles don't know when to contract, causing an irregular heartbeat

Answer 47

Atrial Fibrillation

Question 48

Condition: the heart isn't pumping well enough, so the blood backs up along the pulmonary veins, where fluid is pushed into the lungs (pulmonary oedema)

Answer 48

Left Ventricular Failure

Question 49

Condition: the heart 'adjusting' to chronic hypertension, resulting in cardiac hypertrophy, leading to ineffective pumping of the heart, causing blood to collect at the feet due to gravity, and fluid to be pushed into the ankles (peripheral oedema)

Answer 49

Right Ventricular Failure, caused by Cor Pulmonale (Pulmonary Heart Disease)

Question 50

The normal amount of air moved in and out of the lungs with each breath

Answer 50

Tidal Volume

Question 51

Fancy name for difficulty speaking

Answer 51

Dysphasia

Question 52

Fancy name for difficulty swallowing

Answer 52

Dysphagia

Question 53

Fancy name for inability to speak at all

Answer 53

Aphasia

Question 54

Condition: Necrosis of an area of the Myocardium

Answer 54

Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)

Question 55

What are two late signs of a bowel obstruction

Answer 55

Faeculant breath odour and faecal vomiting

Question 56

Condition: Hypersensitive airway, causing inflammation, leading to obstruction, resulting in a characteristic expiratory wheeze

Answer 56

Asthma

Question 57

What makes an asthma attack 'Severe' (TITS)

Answer 57

Tachycardic, Inability to complete sentences, Tachypnoeic, Salbutamol does not relieve symptoms.

Question 58

What makes an asthma attack 'Life-Threatening' (CHASER)

Answer 58

``` Cyanosis, Hypotension, Altered consciousness, Silent breath sounds, Exhaustion, Reduced SpO2. ```

Question 59

Why does Diabetes cause silent MIs?

Answer 59

Diabetic Neuropathy

Question 60

Leading cause of death in under 45s

Answer 60

Unintentional Injury and Suicide.

Question 61

Fancy name for difficulty breathing when lying flat

Answer 61

Orthopnoea

Question 62

What is the most common type of Hepatitis in IV drug users?

Answer 62

Hepatitis C

Question 63

What are the 3 sections of the brainstem?

Answer 63

Midbrain Pons Medulla Oblongata

Question 64

Fancy name for patient positioning where the feet are up and the head is down

Answer 64

Trendelenburg

Question 65

What prevents the alveoli from collapsing

Answer 65

Surface Tension

Question 66

Condition: a serious infection of the lungs resulting in unilateral chest crackles on auscultation

Answer 66

Pneumonia

Question 67

What creates the Lub sound of a heartbeat?

Answer 67

Closure of the atrioventricular (tricuspid and mitral) valves

Question 68

What causes the Dub Sound of a heartbeat?

Answer 68

Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves

Question 69

If a drug is lipid and water soluble, where can it be absorbed

Answer 69

Through the intestinal wall.

Question 70

Condition: Acute shortness of breath that wakes the patient from sleep

Answer 70

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnoea

Question 71

Which type of hepatitis is also known as the viral time bomb, due to the unpredictable amount of time it lies dormant in the body before terminal symptoms appear?

Answer 71

Hepatitis C

Question 72

Increase in H+ in the blood, does what to the pH?

Answer 72

Lowers it (more acidic)

Question 73

Increase in pH of the blood does what to the respiration rate?

Answer 73

increases respiration rate

Question 74

Increase in H+ in the blood does what to the respiration rate?

Answer 74

Increases it

Question 75

Decrease in H+ in the blood does what to the pH

Answer 75

Increases it

Question 76

Decrease in pH in the blood does what to the respiration rate?

Answer 76

Decreases it

Question 77

Decrease in H+ in the blood does what to the respiration rate?

Answer 77

Decreases it

Question 78

Which type of medication delivery method results in an increased troponin level and why?

Answer 78

Intramuscular injection - muscle damage causes troponin to be released.

Question 79

An increase in CO2 in the blood does what to the H+ ions

Answer 79

Increases it

Question 80

A decrease in CO2 in the blood does what to the H+ ions`

Answer 80

Decreases it

Question 81

Which neurotransmitter is exclusive to the sympathetic nervous system and increases heart rate and blood pressure?

Answer 81

Noradrenaline

Question 82

What GCS score would a patient need to have to be in a coma?

Answer 82

8 or less

Question 83

Condition: Plaque infiltrates the arterial wall, decreasing elasticity and narrowing the lumen

Answer 83

Atherosclerosis

Question 84

Air still in the lungs after forced exhalation

Answer 84

Residual Volume

Question 85

Condition: Chronic low levels of Haemoglobin in the blood

Answer 85

Anaemia

Question 86

In hypovolaemia, compensatory mechanisms in the body can cope with up to how much blood loss?

Answer 86

30%

Question 87

What causes cerebral herniation?

Answer 87

Significantly increased intracranial pressure