Pathophysiology Flashcards
Describe pain from a dissecting aortic aneurysm
Sudden-onset high intensity
What is the highest bone in the laryngopharynx
Hyoid
The body’s failure to compensate for a drop in oxygen perfusion results in
Hypoperfusion, Low Cardiac Output, Increased Pre-load
State the blood concentration of plasma and other elements
Plasma 55% Elements 45%
Systolic Blood Pressure is generally higher in which gender?
Male
What effect does a blood loss of 25% have on the heart rate?
Tachycardia
Describe the symptoms of stable angina
Heavy, dull, ‘pressure-like’ pain, lasting 10-15 mins or less, comes on during a predictable amount of exercise.
Describe the pathophysiology of neurogenic shock
Loss of sympathetic nervous tone
The primary bronchi divide into
Secondary bronchi
secondary bronchi divide into
Tertiary/segmental bronchi
Segmental bronchi divide into
Bronchioles
At the end of bronchioles, there are
Alveoli
Are beta-blockers agonists or antagonists
Antagonists
Condition: a foreign protein enters the body and gives rise to a severe allergic reaction
Anaphylaxis
Condition: a foreign protein enters the body and gives rise to a severe allergic reaction resulting in tachycardia, hypotension, and tachypnoea.
Anaphylactic shock
When the heart muscle is contracted and emptying
Systole
When the heart muscle is relaxed and filling
Diastole
The amount of blood in the heart at the end of diastole
Pre-load
Resistance the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
Afterload
Part of the nervous system that controls fight or flight reflexes,
Sympathetic nervous system
Part of the nervous system that controls the slow-moving reflexes, such as the reproductive system or the digestive system.
Parasympathetic nervous system
Type of antagonist medication that blocks the receptors that adrenaline normally attaches to, slowing the heart rate, and lowering the blood pressure
Beta-Blockers (Propanolol, Atenolol, Bisoprolol)
Type of medication that slows down the nervous system by increasing the effect of GABA resulting in sedation, anti-convulsant, and muscle-relaxant effects.
Benzodiazepines (diazepam, lorazepam)
A type of body fluid found in body cavities that reduces friction between two membranes. commonly found in the pericardium, meninges, and pleura.
Serous Fluid
Medication that widens blood vessels (by forcing them to relax. Nitrate–>nitrous oxide, metabolises releasing proteins that relaxes the smooth muscle in the blood vessels.
Glyceryl TriNitrate (Nitroglycerin)
Cushings Triad is indicative of…
Increased intracranial pressure
Cushing’s Triad symptoms
Hypertension, bradycardia, bradypnoea
What causes someone to look ‘pale’
Vasoconstriction of the cutaneous circulation
What is the most significant change in a patient’s vital signs when a differential diagnosis is an intracranial haematoma?
Reduced level of consciousness (GCS)
Most beneficial treatment for a tension pneumothorax?
Needle Thoracocentesis
Name the Deadly Dozen Chest injuries (CAFOTH)
Cardiac Tamponade Airway obstruction Flail Chest Open Pneumothorax Tension Pneumothorax Haemothorax
The calculation for Mean Arterial Pressure
[ 2(DBP) + 1(SBP) ] / [3]
The Calculation for Cerebral Perfusion Pressure
MAP - ICP = CPP
The two life-threatening features of anaphylaxis
Widespread vasodilation and bronchoconstriction
The 6 layers of the head in order from outside to inside (SPS DAP)
Scalp, Periosteum, Skull, Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater
Name the position where the patient is sat at a 45* angle.
Semi-recumbent (Fowler’s)
Name the position where the patient is lying flat on their back
Supine
Name the position where the patient is lying flat on their front
Prone
How should you transport a patient if there is a high index of suspicion towards a tension pneumothorax
Recovery position with the affected side underneath.
How could you improvise a splint for a flail segment of ribs?
Use a fluid bag in the segment space.
Spinal cord injuries result in enlarged vascular compartments. Why?
Loss of sympathetic tone caused by spinal cord injury means it requires more effort for blood to return to the heart, as such it creates a ‘backlog’ of blood, causing fluid to be pushed into the surrounding tissue, identified by ‘pitting’ peripheral oedema.
What do histamines do to the circulatory system?
Vasodilation (increases blood vessel permeability) and increases heart rate.
What do histamines do to the respiratory system?
Bronchoconstriction
An Antimuscarinic/Anticholinergic Medication that is given to speed up a heart rate of less than 40 where the patient is symptomatic and deteriorating.
Atropine
A fancy name for an itch,
Pruritus
A fancy name for an itchy red rash
Urticaria
Condition: the Sino-atrial node stops firing, causing the atria to contract at random intervals, meaning the ventricles don’t know when to contract, causing an irregular heartbeat
Atrial Fibrillation
Condition: the heart isn’t pumping well enough, so the blood backs up along the pulmonary veins, where fluid is pushed into the lungs (pulmonary oedema)
Left Ventricular Failure
Condition: the heart ‘adjusting’ to chronic hypertension, resulting in cardiac hypertrophy, leading to ineffective pumping of the heart, causing blood to collect at the feet due to gravity, and fluid to be pushed into the ankles (peripheral oedema)
Right Ventricular Failure, caused by Cor Pulmonale (Pulmonary Heart Disease)
The normal amount of air moved in and out of the lungs with each breath
Tidal Volume
Fancy name for difficulty speaking
Dysphasia
Fancy name for difficulty swallowing
Dysphagia
Fancy name for inability to speak at all
Aphasia
Condition: Necrosis of an area of the Myocardium
Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)
What are two late signs of a bowel obstruction
Faeculant breath odour and faecal vomiting
Condition: Hypersensitive airway, causing inflammation, leading to obstruction, resulting in a characteristic expiratory wheeze
Asthma
What makes an asthma attack ‘Severe’ (TITS)
Tachycardic,
Inability to complete sentences,
Tachypnoeic,
Salbutamol does not relieve symptoms.
What makes an asthma attack ‘Life-Threatening’ (CHASER)
Cyanosis, Hypotension, Altered consciousness, Silent breath sounds, Exhaustion, Reduced SpO2.
Why does Diabetes cause silent MIs?
Diabetic Neuropathy
Leading cause of death in under 45s
Unintentional Injury and Suicide.
Fancy name for difficulty breathing when lying flat
Orthopnoea
What is the most common type of Hepatitis in IV drug users?
Hepatitis C
What are the 3 sections of the brainstem?
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Fancy name for patient positioning where the feet are up and the head is down
Trendelenburg
What prevents the alveoli from collapsing
Surface Tension
Condition: a serious infection of the lungs resulting in unilateral chest crackles on auscultation
Pneumonia
What creates the Lub sound of a heartbeat?
Closure of the atrioventricular (tricuspid and mitral) valves
What causes the Dub Sound of a heartbeat?
Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
If a drug is lipid and water soluble, where can it be absorbed
Through the intestinal wall.
Condition: Acute shortness of breath that wakes the patient from sleep
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnoea
Which type of hepatitis is also known as the viral time bomb, due to the unpredictable amount of time it lies dormant in the body before terminal symptoms appear?
Hepatitis C
Increase in H+ in the blood, does what to the pH?
Lowers it (more acidic)
Increase in pH of the blood does what to the respiration rate?
increases respiration rate
Increase in H+ in the blood does what to the respiration rate?
Increases it
Decrease in H+ in the blood does what to the pH
Increases it
Decrease in pH in the blood does what to the respiration rate?
Decreases it
Decrease in H+ in the blood does what to the respiration rate?
Decreases it
Which type of medication delivery method results in an increased troponin level and why?
Intramuscular injection - muscle damage causes troponin to be released.
An increase in CO2 in the blood does what to the H+ ions
Increases it
A decrease in CO2 in the blood does what to the H+ ions`
Decreases it
Which neurotransmitter is exclusive to the sympathetic nervous system and increases heart rate and blood pressure?
Noradrenaline
What GCS score would a patient need to have to be in a coma?
8 or less
Condition: Plaque infiltrates the arterial wall, decreasing elasticity and narrowing the lumen
Atherosclerosis
Air still in the lungs after forced exhalation
Residual Volume
Condition: Chronic low levels of Haemoglobin in the blood
Anaemia
In hypovolaemia, compensatory mechanisms in the body can cope with up to how much blood loss?
30%
What causes cerebral herniation?
Significantly increased intracranial pressure