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GIT Physiology > Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Pathophysiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Xerostomia, its symptoms and risks?

A 
- Dryness of the mouth
Risks:
- Infection prone - reduced antimicrobial action
- dental caries 
- Difficult to swallow (dysphagia)
- Altered taste (Dysgeusia)
- Difficulty in talking
- Burning/tingling in mouth
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2
Q

What are the causes of and diseases associated with Xerostomia?

A 
Causes:
- medication
- dehydration
- surgery
- smoking
- mouth breathing
Associated diseases:
- Sjogren’s Syndrome
- HIV/AIDS
- Diabetes
- Hypertension
- Hepatitis C
- Lymphoma
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3
Q

What is constipation and it’s symptoms?

A
  • Failure to defecate in more than 4 days

- Slight anorexia, abdominal discomfort and distention

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4
Q

What are the causes and treatment of constipation?

A 
Causes
- decreased motility of the colon
Treatment:
- Laxatives: mineral oil, castor oil, magnesium and aluminum salts
- Fibre
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5
Q

What is Megacolon, and what is its treatment?

A
  • Accumulation of feces that causes distention of the colon, due to lack of ganglion cells in myenteric and meissner’s plexuses. (Hirschsprung’s disease)
  • Causes failure of peristalsis
  • Relieved by resectioning the portion without ganglion input
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6
Q

What is diarrhea and it’s causes?

A
  • Rapid movement of fecal matter through l. intestine
    Causes:
  • Virus (rotavirus) and bacteria (cholera) - explain
  • Nervous tension due to increase in sympathetic input
  • Ulcerative colitis when walls becomes inflamed and ulcerated - gluten intolerance
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7
Q

What are the complications of pathogen caused diarrhea?

A
  • Loss of sodium and potassium
  • Loss of water - dehydration
  • Hypovolemia
  • Shock
  • Cardiovascular collapse
  • Severe hypokalemia
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8
Q

What are the oral rehydration therapy methods of diarrhea?

A
  • Antibiotics with KHCO3 to prevent hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis
  • Glucose (or AA) with NaCl to facilitate absorption of electrolytes and water
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9
Q

What are the symptoms, causes and complications of Gastritis?

A
  • Inflammation of gastric mucosa
  • Acute or severe - ulcerative removal of stomach mucosa
  • Mucosa becomes trophic with little to no gastric gland activity in chronic gastritis
  • Complications: achlorhydria; pernicious anemia
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10
Q

What are the symptoms, causes and complications of Achlorhydria?

A
  • Failure of stomach to secrete HCL linked to failure to secrete pepsinogen
  • Lack of pepsinogen, leads to lack of pepsin, leads to protein deficiency
  • Diminished HCl secretion called hypochlorhydria
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11
Q

What is Acalasia?

A

Failure to relax of LES during swallowing.

Food accumulated in oesophagus leading to megaoesophagus.

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12
Q

Megaoesophagus causes and complications

A

Incomplete relaxation of LES during swallowing
Myenteric plexus is defective
Release of NO and VIP is defective
Prone to aspiration pneumonia

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease?

A
  • Heartburn
  • Oesophagitis leading ulcers
  • Stricture of the oesophagus
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14
Q

What is the cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease?

A
  • Incontinence of LES due to decrease in neural drive to sphincter
  • Permits reflux of gastric contents
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15
Q

What are the possible treatments for gastroesophageal reflux disease?

A
  • Acid receptor blockers or omeprazole

- Surgical: fundoplication

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16
Q

What is the cause of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?

A
  • Gastrin secreting time-outs of the pancreas and small bowel
  • Two variants:
    1. Sporadic
    2. PTH and pituitary tumour associates Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 1
17
Q

What are the symptoms of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?

A
  • Pain
  • Vomiting blood (sometimes)
  • Diarrhea
18
Q

What are the signs and tests used to check for ZES?

A
  • Increased gastrin level
  • Calcium and secretin stimulation tests are positive
  • Abdominal ocreotide/CT scan shows tumour
19
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Free/conjugated bilirubin accumulates in blood, skin, sclera and mucous membranes - turn yellow

20
Q

What is jaundice icterus?

A
  • Build up of pressure in blocked common bile duct

- Bilirubin (normally secreted in bile) filters into tissues, producing yellowing of skin, sclera and mucous membranes

21
Q

What are some other causes of Jaundice?

A
  1. Hyperbilirubinemia - excess production of bilirubin due to hemolytic anemia
  2. Hemolytic jaundice (prehepatic) - increased RBC breakdown leading to increased bilirubin in blood
  3. Hemolytic disease of newborn - breakdown of fetal Hb usually clearing spontaneously
22
Q

What are the initiates of vomiting?

A
  • Excessive distention of stomach or s. intestine
  • Substances acting on chemoreceptors in intestinal wall or brain
  • increased pressure within the skull
  • motion sickness
  • intense pain
  • tactile stimuli to back of throat
23
Q

What are the harmful consequences of vomiting?

A
  • Loss of water and salts from stomach
  • Hypovolemia
  • Metabolic alkalosis
24
Q

What is the mechanism of Typhoid fever?

A
  • Bacteria enters macrophages
  • Bacteria then spreads into lymphatic system while in macrophages
  • Bacteria induce apoptosis of macrophages and spreads through blood causing systemic infection
25
Q

What are the treatments of Typhoid?

A
  • Antibiotics

- Rehydration to reduced effects of dehydration/Hypovolemia

26
Q

What are peptic ulcers and where do they occur?

A 
- Destruction of mucosa due to gastric juices
Occur:
- Lower oesophagus
- lesser curvature of stomach
- duodenum
27
Q

What are peptic ulcers caused by?

A
  • High acid and peptic content
  • GIT irritation
  • Poor blood supply and mucus secretion
  • Infection (Helicobater pylori)
  • Chronic alcohol use
  • Tumours (ZES)
28
Q

What are the treatments for peptic ulcers?

A
  1. Antibiotics
  2. Acid suppressant - ranitidine that blocks Histamine2 receptors
  3. Antacids - only neutralize
29
Q

What is lactose intolerance?

A

Genetic disorder that leads to progressive failure to secrete lactase which digests lactose

30
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

Failure to absorb Vit B12 due to lack of intrinsic factor (parietal cells in stomach)

31
Q

What is the failure to produce intrinsic factor caused by?

A
  • Gastrectomy
  • Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells
  • Diseases of distal ileum
32
Q

What is celiac sprue?

A
  • Gluten intolerance
  • Gluten proteins cause intestinal T cells to mount an inflammatory response that disrupts and flattens intestinal mucosa
33
Q

What is fat malabsorption?

A
  • Failure to absorb fat and fat soluble substances like fat-soluble vitamins
  • fat and fat soluble substances lost in feces

GIT Physiology (1 decks)

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