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Renal And Urologic Systems > Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Why is a reticulocyte count done during Labor and Delivery?

A

If Retic Count is high, it shows there was a stress in the womb and the hospital is not liable.

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2
Q

Increase in BUN levels means

A

Dehydration and Kidney Failure

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3
Q

If a person is experiencing frequent urination, dysuria, urgency, and lower/suprapubic pain, what could this be and where?

A

Cystitis UTI in the bladder

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4
Q

What are the two most common pathogens that cause UTI?

A

E. Coli and S. saprophyticus

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5
Q

This is exclusively produced by the renal tubule cells of the distal loop of Henle and is the most abundant urinary protein.

A

Tamm-Horsfall Protein (THP)

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6
Q

A patient comes in with excruciating pain in the Upper Outer Quadrant of abdomen and around the bladder. What symptoms are associated?

A

Colic Pain associated with kidney stones, causes coolness, clammy, nausea, vomiting

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7
Q

Patient complains of deep aching pain in their flank or back which becomes more intense when drinking water?

A

Non-colicky pain due to kidney stones

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8
Q 
Treatment for CKF (select all):
A. Reversible 
B. Manage protein intake 
C. Transplant
D. ACE inhibitor 
E. Increase potassium 
F. Erythropoietin as needed 
G. Decrease dyslipidemia
A

A, B, C, D, F

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9
Q 
What contributes to progression of Chronic Kidney Disease (select all):
A. Hypotension 
B. glomerular  hypertension 
C Hematuria 
D. Hyper filtration 
E. Tubulointestinal Inflammation 
F. Fibrosis
A

C, D, E, F

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10
Q

Normal GFR Rate is:

A

130-90

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11
Q

How many stages of GFR are there and what’s Kidney Failure?

A

5 Stages, GFR less than 15

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12
Q

Factors that’s advance kidney disease:

A

Proteinuria and Angiotensin II (vasoconstrictor)

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13
Q

CKD affects which other organ systems?

A

Cardiovascular- anemia and hypertension

Pulmonary- dyspnea + Kussmauls Resp

Hematologic Alterations- hyper-coagulability

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14
Q

Patient has clinical manifestations of “Urea frost”, anorexia, lethargy, bone pain, edema, epistaxis, anemia, bruising, infertility… they could have?

A

Chronic kidney disease

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15
Q 
Risk factors for CKD (select all):
A. Make
B. African American, Native, Asian 
C. Elderly 
D. Family history
E. Diabetes, hypertension, obesity 
F. Smoking, alcohol, drugs
A

A, B, C, D, E, F

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16
Q

A one year old is experiencing diarrhea, infection, poor feeding, what would I most likely check?

A

Fluids and electrolyte

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17
Q

The patient experiences urine blockage, infection, or urinary stones due to kidneys failing to ascend to abdomen?

A

Ectopic Kidney

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18
Q

More common in boys, the midline of the kidney fused and is single u-shaped?

A

Horseshoe kidney

19
Q

If someone shows Urinary Tract Obstruction, what are the effects?

A

Stasis of urine- infection and stones, increase bacteria

Progressive dilation of renal collecting ducts and renal tubular structures, causing destruction and atrophy.

20
Q

An infection in the bladder has symptoms like frequency, urgency, dysuria, what is this called?

A

Cystitis

21
Q

UTI in the kidney cause by e.coli and staphylococcus saprophyticus?

A

Pyelonephritis

22
Q

UTO cause:

A
  • Congenital anomalies
  • Urinary calculi
  • Pregnancy
  • Benign prostrate hypertrophy
  • Scar tissue
  • Tumors
  • Neurological disorder
  • Spinal cord injury
  • Complete or partial obstruction
  • ** Unilateral
23
Q

A patient has crystals in their urine output, why?

A

Many crystals could mean stones- inflammation, infection, or metabolic disorder

24
Q

A patient has hematuria and pyuria? Define:

A

Hematuria- large # of RBCs in urine

Pyuria- WBC in urine, indicates infection

25
Q 
Reagan Strips (dipsticks) can find (select all):
A. Glucose 
B. Bilirubin
C. Urobilinogen
D. Leukocyte esterase
E. Nitrates 
F. Ketones
G. Proteins 
H. Hemoglobin and Myoglobin
A

A-H, they all apply

26
Q

Risk factors for Kidney Disease:

A
  • Male
  • Before age 50
  • Inadequate fluid intake: most prevalent
27
Q 
Treatment for Renal Caliculi (select all):
A. Mobilization 
B. Narcotics/Analgesics 
C. Straining
D. Increase fluid intake
E. Stone removal
A

B, D, E

28
Q

Angiotensin II:

A
  • stimulate secretion of aldosterone (BP regulator)
  • Vasoconstrictor
  • ADH secretion and thirst
29
Q

This structure is 30 cm long, peristaltic activity moves urine to bladder, and it is smooth muscle:

A

Ureters

30
Q

A female comes in with a cystitis UTI which is common because?

A

Females urethras are only 3-4 cm long

Males are 18-20 cm long

31
Q

Renal blood flow decreases when:

A

MAP decreases and vascular resistance increases

Kidneys receive 1000-1200 mL/min of blood

32
Q

Increase in urine formation= decrease blood flow + decrease blood pressure + increase in sodium and water loss. Secreted cells in the ventricles

A

Brain Natriuretic Peptide

33
Q

Functions: reabsorb sodium, promote passive diffusion of water, increase concentration in urea. Balanced the GFR:

A

Proximal convoluted tubules

34
Q

Normal BUN levels:

A

10-20 mg/DL

35
Q

Epinephrine, dopamine, and norepinephrine are all a:

A

Catecholamine

36
Q

A person has low urine output but high water reabsorption, what hormone is working?

A

ADH

37
Q

Pt is pale, tired, and has Low H&H?

A

Reticulocyte count to determine if erythropoiesis is working

38
Q

Stimulates red blood cell production

A

Erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA)

39
Q

This is high in serum, low in urine. Determines his much can be cleared from blood by kidneys.
Normal levels: 0.7-1.2 mg/DL

A

Creatinine clearing test

40
Q

Indirect measure of GFR, tubular secretion and reabsorption, and RBF:

A

Creatinine Clearing Test

41
Q

Normal Value: 1.016-1.022

Measure of solute concentration in urine

A

Specific Gravity

42
Q

A pt is experiencing dehydration, diarrhea, emesis, excessive sweating, urinary tract/bladder infection, renal artery stenosis, which means:

A

Increase in specific gravity higher than 1.022, highly concentrated

43
Q

Normal aging on renal function:

A 
Decrease: kidney size
RBF and GFR
Nephrons 
Tubular transport response 
Elimination of drugs

Increase: sclerotic glomerular capillaries
Excretion of glucose
Bladder symptoms

44
Q

A pt comes in with swelling around the eyes feet and ankles, foamy beer-like urine, weight gain due to fluid, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia?

A

Nephrotic syndrome

Renal And Urologic Systems (2 decks)

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