Pathophysiology Flashcards
Describe how your body responds to an infection
T cells produce cytokines, which stimulate B cells, which produce antibodies.
Identify role of DNA changes in congenital abnormalities
Mutations
in genes or chromosomal abnormalities
How does development disrupts congenital abnormalities?
Alterations of DNA
Describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions affect wellbeing
Fluid and electrolyte shifts can cause n/v or dysrhythmias.
Explain Renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS)
- Reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin
- produce angiotensin I
- converts to angiotensin II
- causes vasoconstriction
- release aldosterone
- kidneys conserve sodium and water
- Result less water lost in urine and blood pressure maintained.
DKA
increased anion gap, decreased HC03
How do kidneys compensate for alkalosis
retain H+ and excrete HC03
Untreated acidosis leads to an increase in which electrolyte?
Potassium
West Nile Virus
Bite from an infected mosquito.
S/S Severe; high fever, headache and stiff neck
Lyme disease
Tick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia
burgdorferi.
Erythema infectiosum
Caused by Parvovirus, a febrile upper respiratory illness in a child followed by the sudden appearance of red, flushed cheeks, “fifth disease”
Obesity and diabetes are risk factors for having a child with
Spina
bifida
Trousseau’s sign
arm/carpal spasm associated with hypocalcemia
Cause and sign of spina bifida
folic acid deficiency, which prevents the neural tube from closing. Has fluid filled sac on lower back
hemophilia is more common in males or females
Males
Prenatal exposure to alcohol includes
Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure, decreased brain function, FAS
Connective vs muscle tissue disorders
Connective- RA, Scleroderma, Lupus
Muscle - MS, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravis
Describe Lupus
Multisystem autoimmune disease that have antinuclear antibodies. Inflammatory disorder characterized by joint pain, butterfly rash, damage to kidney, lungs & serous membranes
Describe Myasthenia Gravis
It is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies attack own Ach receptors. Cardinal sign fluctuating muscle weakness. Pt exhibits ptosis, double vision, and difficulty swallowing.
dermatitis
inflammation of the skin
eczema
noninfectious, inflammatory skin disease characterized by redness, blisters, scabs, and itching
decubitus ulcer
sore caused by lying down for long periods of time
Fungal infections
superficial, localized skin conditions or deep tissue infections caused by exposure to spores. Affected by pt w/ weakened immune systems and prolonged antibiotic therapy
benign neoplasm
noncancerous growths, stationary, distinct borders
malignant neoplasm
uncontrolled new tissue growth, irregular borders, spreads
Osteoporosis
The loss of bone mass often due to age, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured.
osteomalacia
disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency
myoglobin
red pigment that stores oxygen in muscle cells
Bursa
fluid-filled, saclike structures between skin and bone or between tendons, ligaments, and bone. They act as cushions to lubricate and decrease friction
Rickets
a vitamin D deficiency in children, resulting in soft bones
Degenerative disk disease
A condition in which an intervertebral disk loses its normal structural integrity as a result of wear and tear, acute or
repeated injuries or aging
Paget disease
interferes with your body’s normal recycling process, in which new bone tissue gradually replaces old bone tissue. Over time, bones can become fragile and misshapen. The pelvis, skull, spine and legs are most commonly affected.
comminuted fracture
refers to a bone that is broken in at least two places. Comminuted fractures are caused by severe traumas
Three types of skin cancer
- Basal cell carcinoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Melanoma
basal cell carcinoma
Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules. Rarely metastasize, most common on face due to sun exposure
squamous cell carcinoma
Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red crusted papules or firm nodules
Melanoma
The most serious form of skin cancer, caucasian males at highest risk, usually black or brown lesion
types of burns
Superficial (1st degree) - red/painful
Partial-thickness (2nd degree) -wet, pink, painful
Full-thickness (3rd degree) -white, swollen, no pain
Vitiligo
localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk white patches
ischemic CVA vs hemorrhagic CVA
ischemic - clot vs hemorrhagic - blood
subdural hematoma
collection of blood under the dura mater
Alzheimer’s disease vs Parkinson’s disease
Alz - affects language and memory
Park - affects all executive functioning
Huntington’s disease
Genetic disorder that causes progressive deterioration of brain cells caused by a autosomal dominant allele. Symptoms do not appear until about the age of 30. involves involuntary muscle movement
Sclerosis
abnormal condition of hardening
disorders that cause vision loss
glaucoma - loss of peripheral vision, cataracts - cloudy vision,
retinal detachment - floaters, flashes, curtain vision
kyphosis
excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back.
disorders that cause hearing loss
Meniere’s disease - changes in fluid in tube of inner ear (imbalance and vertigo)
Otitis media - middle ear infection
Predisposing factors of ischemic stroke
a fib
carotid stenosis,
cerebral arteriosclerosis
rheumatoid arthritis
A chronic systemic disease characterized by Inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling deformities. Causes elevated WBC counts.
cerebral contusion
the bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull; S/S ringing in ears, severe headache, N/V
TIA vs CVA
TIA = result when a cerebral artery is temp blocked and decreases blood flow to brain
Stroke= artery completely blocked leading to death of brain and permanent loss of certain functions
multiple sclerosis
A chronic, irreversible disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath. Plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech
aneurysm
ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall
thrombus vs embolus
Thrombus= clot in arteries
embolus = dislodged traveling clot in arteries, blocks blood flow
Atherosclerosis
Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to buildup of cholesterol plaques
1. endothelial injury
2. foam cell formation
3. fatty streak formation
angina pectoris
chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle
Myocardial infarction
the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup (heart attack)
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium (sack surrounding heart)
benign vs malignant hypertension
benign - “essential hypertension”, chronic vascular damage due to sodium retention.
malignant - acute vascular damage due to renin release
communicable disease
A disease that can be spread from one person or species to another.
infectious disease
A disease that is caused by a pathogen and that can be spread from one individual to another.
myocardial infarction causes damage to
arteries of brain, retina, heart, kidneys.
what is expected in right sided heart failure
JVD
what characterizes hypertensive crisis
systolic BP > 180
types of anemia
- Aplastic (decreased or missing RBC production)
- Folic Acid Deficiency
- Hemolytic (breakdown of RBCs faster than produced)
- Iron Deficiency
- Sickle Cell (RBCs die too early, shortage of RBCs)
- Vitamin B-12 Deficiency/Pernicious
Where does cancer originate from in leukemia?
bone marrow
CD4 cells
Helper T cells that mature in thymus that activate B cells to create immunity
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
distinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells
Lymphocytosis
abnormal increase in lymphocytes, asymptomatic
Stable angina
predictable and consistent pain that occurs on exertion and is relieved by rest and/or nitroglycerin
Upper respiratory tract infection
common cold, laryngitis, croup, pharyngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, and tonsillitis
lower respiratory tract infection
pneumonia, bronchitis, tuberculosis
conditions that lead to COPD
smoking, asthma, dust, chemicals, genetics
pneumonia
an inflammation in the lung caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or resulting from aspiration of chemicals. Hear crackles and rhonchi.
Asthma
treatment resistant bronchospasm, same category of COPD
pneumothorax
air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the
lung or chest wall
cor pulmonale
right-sided heart failure arising from chronic lung disease
Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis
Carbon dust, seen in coal miners. Massive exposure leads to diffuse fibrosis ‘black lung’
common characteristics of chronic digestive system disorders
Celiac, Crohn’s Disease, Colitis … ) Abdominal pain, weight loss, changes in urination/bowel movements, bleeding, diarrhea, n/v ….
common characteristics of acute digestive system disorders
(GERD, IBS, Hiatal hernia, etc) Abd pain, bleeding, bloating, diarrhea, heartburn, n/v
pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney; caused by bacterial infection ( commonly E. Coli)
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys from injury or illness
renal calculi (kidney stones)
Minerals in urine crystallize. Most can pass, but some become too big and obstruct a ureter
renal cell carcinoma
cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells; flank pain, hematuria, abd lump
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring the patient to undergo
dialysis or kidney transplant for survival. Symptoms: n/v, fatigue, change in urination, chest pain, HTN, cola colored urine
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT)
method used to replace normal kidney function by circulating the patient’s blood through a hemofilter and returning it to the patient. benefit over other dialysis - happens 24 hrs/ day> slower shift in electrolytes
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers - autoimmune and inflammatory bowel diseases
Diverticulitis
inflammation of a diverticulum, especially in the colon, causing pain and disturbance of bowel function. Relieved by bowel movement, advise against enema and colonoscopy.
organ targeted by virus that causes hep c
liver
Hepatitis A,B,C,D,E spreads
A and E - fecal/oral
BCD - blood, bodily fluids
Cholecystitis
inflammation of the gall bladder; usually associated with gallstones (RUQ pain radiates to back)
