Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathopharmacology II exam 1 > Pathopharmacology II exam 1 > Flashcards

Pathopharmacology II exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Normal range for sodium

A

135-145 mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

causes and symptoms of low sodium (hyponatremia)

A

causes: fluid overload, SIADH, excessive water intake, diuretics
symptoms: confusion, seizures, headache, muscle weakness, nausea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Causes and Symptoms of High Sodium (Hypernatremia)

A

Causes: Dehydration, excessive salt intake, diabetes insipidus. Symptoms: Thirst, agitation, confusion, seizures, muscle twitching.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Normal Range for Potassium (K)

A

3.5–5.0 mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Causes and Symptoms of Low Potassium (Hypokalemia)

A

Causes: Diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea, inadequate intake, excessive insulin.
Symptoms: Muscle weakness, cramping, arrhythmias, fatigue, constipation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Causes and Symptoms of High Potassium (Hyperkalemia)

A

Causes: Kidney failure, acidosis, medications, trauma.
Symptoms: Muscle weakness, tingling, paralysis, dangerous arrhythmias (e.g., peaked T waves).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Normal Range for Magnesium (Mg)

A

1.5–2.5 mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Causes and Symptoms of Low Magnesium (Hypomagnesemia)

A

Causes: Poor absorption, diuretics, malnutrition. Symptoms: Muscle cramps, tremors, confusion, arrhythmias, seizures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Causes and Symptoms of High Magnesium (Hypermagnesemia)

A

Causes: Kidney failure, excessive intake from antacids or laxatives. Symptoms: Muscle weakness, respiratory depression, low blood pressure, arrhythmias, lethargy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Normal Range for Calcium (Ca)

A

8.6–10.2 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Causes and Symptoms of Low Calcium (Hypocalcemia)

A

Causes: Vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, renal disease, pancreatitis.
Symptoms: Muscle cramps, tetany, tingling, Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s signs, seizures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Causes and Symptoms of High Calcium (Hypercalcemia)

A

Causes: Hyperparathyroidism, cancer, excessive calcium or vitamin D intake.
Symptoms: Fatigue, weakness, nausea, kidney stones, confusion, arrhythmias.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Key Functions of Sodium

A

Primarily affects neurological function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Key Functions of Potassium

A

Critical for cardiac health.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Key Functions of Magnesium

A

Helps with muscle and nerve function, often tied to potassium and calcium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Key Functions of Calcium

A

Impacts muscle and bone health and nerve transmission.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the main functions of the GI tract?

A

Digestion, absorption of nutrients, and removal of waste.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which nervous system increases GI motility?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the role of bile?

A

Bile helps digest fats and is stored in the gallbladder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Main difference between Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Crohn’s: skip lesions, can affect any GI part; UC: continuous inflammation, mainly in colon and rectum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is diverticulosis vs. diverticulitis?

A

Diverticulosis: small pouches in the colon; Diverticulitis: inflamed/infected pouches.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Normal sodium range and symptoms of hyponatremia?

A

135-145 mEq/L; symptoms: confusion, seizures, muscle weakness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the normal potassium range, and what does hyperkalemia affect?

A

3.5-5.0 mEq/L; hyperkalemia affects the heart (arrhythmias).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Key function of calcium in the body?

A

Muscle contraction and nerve signaling; inverse relationship with phosphorus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What happens with hypomagnesemia?

A

Symptoms: muscle cramps, tremors, arrhythmias.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Main symptoms of fluid overload?

A

Edema, high BP, crackles in lungs, jugular vein distention.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Normal pH range and what does acidosis indicate?

A

7.35-7.45; acidosis is pH <7.35, often due to high CO₂ or low HCO₃.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does ROME stand for in ABG interpretation?

A

Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal (helps determine acid-base imbalances).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What ABG result suggests metabolic alkalosis?

A

High pH and high HCO₃ (often due to vomiting or diuretics).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Primary action of antacids?

A

Neutralize stomach acid, relieve heartburn.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are PPIs, and when are they used?

A

Proton Pump Inhibitors reduce stomach acid, used for GERD, PUD.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Function of H2 Blockers (e.g., Ranitidine)?

A

Reduce stomach acid by blocking H2 receptors; treat ulcers and GERD.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

When is Sucralfate used?

A

Forms a protective barrier over ulcers; take before meals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Common side effects of magnesium-based antacids?

A

Diarrhea; contraindicated in renal failure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Primary functions of the liver?

A

Detoxifies blood, metabolizes drugs, produces bile, stores glycogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

Chronic liver damage, scarring; causes include alcohol, hepatitis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Symptoms of cholelithiasis (gallstones)?

A

Severe abdominal pain, jaundice, fever.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Which drug is commonly used for nausea and vomiting?

A

Ondansetron (Zofran).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What lifestyle changes can help prevent constipation?

A

Increase fiber, hydrate, and exercise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Most critical electrolyte to monitor with diarrhea?

A

Potassium, due to risk of hypokalemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the main use of isotonic fluids like 0.9% NS?

A

Maintain fluid balance, used in hypovolemic patients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

When are hypertonic solutions (e.g., 3% NS) used?

A

Treat severe hyponatremia or cerebral edema; risk of fluid overload.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Key symptoms of fluid volume deficit (dehydration)?

A

Dry mucous membranes, low BP, high HR, decreased urine output.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Key intervention for conjunctivitis?

A

PINK EYE Isolate patient to prevent spread; apply antibiotic drops if bacterial.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Expected symptom of otitis media?

A

Ear pain, sometimes fever.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Important care for dermatitis?

A

Avoid scented soaps; use fragrance-free products.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the main reasons for administering IV fluids?

A

To manage fluid volume excess or deficit and correct electrolyte imbalances.

48
Q

Key symptoms of fluid volume excess?

A

Edema, high blood pressure, jugular vein distention, crackles in lungs.

49
Q

Key symptoms of fluid volume deficit?

A

Dry mucous membranes, low blood pressure, high heart rate, decreased urine output.

50
Q

Normal range for Sodium (Na) and its role?

A

135-145 mEq/L; essential for fluid balance and nerve function.

51
Q

Symptoms of Hyponatremia (Low Sodium)?

A

Confusion, seizures, headache, muscle weakness.

52
Q

Symptoms of Hypernatremia (High Sodium)?

A

Thirst, agitation, confusion, muscle twitching.

53
Q

Normal range for Potassium (K) and its role?

A

3.5-5.0 mEq/L; crucial for heart function and muscle contraction.

54
Q

Symptoms of Hypokalemia (Low Potassium)?

A

Muscle weakness, cramping, arrhythmias, constipation.

55
Q

Symptoms of Hyperkalemia (High Potassium)?

A

Muscle weakness, dangerous arrhythmias, tingling.

56
Q

Role of Calcium (Ca) in the body?

A

Bone health, muscle contraction, nerve signaling.

57
Q

Symptoms of Hypocalcemia (Low Calcium)?

A

Muscle cramps, tetany, tingling, Chvostek’s sign.

58
Q

Symptoms of Hypercalcemia (High Calcium)?

A

Fatigue, kidney stones, confusion, arrhythmias.

59
Q

Normal range for Magnesium (Mg) and its role?

A

1.5-2.5 mEq/L; involved in muscle and nerve function.

60
Q

Symptoms of Hypomagnesemia (Low Magnesium)?

A

Muscle cramps, tremors, arrhythmias, seizures.

61
Q

Symptoms of Hypermagnesemia (High Magnesium)?

A

Muscle weakness, respiratory depression, low BP.

62
Q

Role of Phosphorus (P) and relationship with calcium?

A

Important for energy production and bone health; inversely related to calcium.

63
Q

What is critical in nursing care for electrolyte imbalances?

A

Monitor labs, assess symptoms, educate on diet, and adjust IV fluids as needed.

64
Q

Key education points for patients with fluid or electrolyte imbalances?

A

Importance of hydration, dietary modifications, and recognizing symptoms of imbalances.

65
Q

What are isotonic solutions, and when are they used?

A

Isotonic solutions have the same concentration as blood, used for fluid replacement in hypovolemic states. Examples: 0.9% Normal Saline, Lactated Ringer’s.

66
Q

What are hypertonic solutions, and when are they used?

A

Hypertonic solutions have a higher concentration than blood; they pull fluid from cells into the bloodstream. Used for cerebral edema and severe hyponatremia. Examples: 3% Saline, D5NS.

67
Q

What are hypotonic solutions, and when are they used?

A

Hypotonic solutions are less concentrated than blood, causing fluid to move into cells. Used for cellular dehydration. Examples: 0.45% Saline, D5W (once in the body).`\

68
Q

What effect does isotonic fluid have on cells?

A

No change in cell size; it only expands extracellular fluid.

69
Q

What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution?

A

Cells shrink as fluid moves out of the cells into the bloodstream.

70
Q

What happens to cells in a hypotonic solution?

A

Cells swell as fluid moves from the bloodstream into the cells.

71
Q

Key nursing action when administering hypertonic solutions?

A

Monitor for fluid overload and respiratory distress.

72
Q

When should hypotonic solutions be avoided?

A

Avoid in patients with increased intracranial pressure, as it can worsen cerebral edema.

73
Q

Why is 0.9% Normal Saline given with blood products?

A

It’s isotonic and won’t cause shifts that could damage red blood cells.

74
Q

Define isotonic IV solutions and give examples.

A

Isotonic solutions have the same concentration as blood, used for fluid replacement. Examples: 0.9% Normal Saline, Lactated Ringer’s.

75
Q

Define hypertonic IV solutions and give examples.

A

Hypertonic solutions have a higher concentration than blood, pulling water out of cells. Examples: 3% Saline, D5NS.

76
Q

Define hypotonic IV solutions and give examples.

A

Hypotonic solutions have a lower concentration than blood, causing water to enter cells. Examples: 0.45% Saline, D5W after metabolism.

77
Q

What effect do isotonic solutions have on cells?

A

No change; they expand extracellular fluid only.

78
Q

What effect do hypertonic solutions have on cells?

A

Cells shrink as fluid moves out.

79
Q

What effect do hypotonic solutions have on cells?

A

Cells swell as fluid moves in.

80
Q

When should hypertonic solutions be used with caution?

A

In patients with fluid overload risk; monitor for respiratory distress.

81
Q

Why avoid hypotonic solutions in cerebral edema?

A

They can worsen brain swelling.

82
Q

Which solution is safe with blood products?

A

0.9% Normal Saline (isotonic).

83
Q

What are Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) used to treat?

A

PPIs reduce stomach acid and treat conditions like GERD, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

84
Q

How do PPIs work?

A

They block the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme in the stomach lining, reducing acid production.

85
Q

Common examples of PPIs?

A

Omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole.

86
Q

Major side effects of PPIs?

A

Headache, GI upset, increased risk of bone fractures, and possible C. difficile infection.

87
Q

Headache, GI upset, increased risk of bone fractures, and possible C. difficile infection.

A

Take PPIs before meals and avoid long-term use unless prescribed.

88
Q

What lab value should be monitored with prolonged PPI use?

A

Monitor magnesium levels due to risk of hypomagnesemia.

89
Q

What is the main action of Sucralfate?

A

Forms a protective layer over the GI tract to prevent and treat ulcers.

90
Q

When should Sucralfate be taken?

A

On an empty stomach for best effect.

91
Q

Why should Sucralfate not be taken with other oral medications?

A

It alters the absorption of other drugs taken by mouth.

92
Q

Common side effect of Sucralfate?

A

Constipation.

93
Q

Key symptoms of fluid volume excess?

A

Edema, high blood pressure, crackles in lungs, jugular vein distention.

94
Q

Causes of fluid volume deficit?

A

Dehydration, hemorrhage, excessive sweating, burns.

95
Q

Common nursing interventions for fluid volume deficit?

A

Administer IV fluids, monitor intake/output, assess skin turgor.

96
Q

When are isotonic fluids (like 0.9% NS) used?

A

For fluid replacement in hypovolemia without causing fluid shifts in cells.

97
Q

Difference between enteral and parenteral nutrition?

A

Enteral is via the GI tract (feeding tube); parenteral is IV, bypassing the GI tract.

98
Q

Symptoms of hyponatremia?

A

Confusion, seizures, muscle cramps, nausea

99
Q

Signs of hyperkalemia?

A

Muscle weakness, tingling, arrhythmias (especially peaked T waves on ECG).

100
Q

Nursing care for a patient with electrolyte imbalances?

A

Monitor labs, assess symptoms, educate on diet, and adjust fluids as needed.

101
Q

Key symptom of GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)?

A

Heartburn, often worsened by lying down or eating spicy foods.

102
Q

Primary treatment goals for peptic ulcer disease (PUD)?

A

Reduce stomach acid, eradicate H. pylori if present, and promote mucosal healing.

103
Q

Difference between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis?

A

Crohn’s: affects any part of the GI, skip lesions; UC: continuous inflammation in the colon.

104
Q

What is the main complication of diverticulitis?

A

Inflammation or infection of diverticula can lead to abscesses or perforation.

105
Q

Mechanism of action of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)?

A

Block the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme, reducing stomach acid production.

106
Q

Side effects of long-term PPI use?

A

Increased risk of fractures, C. difficile infection, hypomagnesemia.

107
Q

Action of antacids in GERD treatment?

A

Neutralize stomach acid to provide quick relief from heartburn.

108
Q

What is Sucralfate’s main function in ulcer treatment?

A

Forms a protective barrier over ulcers, best taken on an empty stomach.

109
Q

Main symptom of conjunctivitis?

A

Red, itchy eyes with possible discharge; highly contagious.

110
Q

Expected symptoms of otitis media?

A

Ear pain, fever, and sometimes drainage from the ear.

111
Q

Primary nursing intervention for dermatitis?

A

Avoid scented products, use gentle moisturizers, and apply topical corticosteroids as needed.

112
Q

Key side effect of ototoxic medications?

A

Hearing loss or tinnitus (ringing in the ears).

113
Q
  • Sodium
A

primarily affects neurological function.

114
Q
  • Potassium
A

is critical for cardiac health.

115
Q
  • Magnesium
A

helps with muscle and nerve function, often tied to potassium and calcium.

116
Q
A
117
Q
  • Calcium
A

impacts muscle and bone health and nerve transmission.

Pathopharmacology II exam 1 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions