Pathoma

Question 1

of divisions before earliest clinical symptoms of cancer

Answer 1

30

Question 2

normal kappa:lambda light chain ratio

Answer 2

3:1

Question 3

normal GD6P isoform ratio

Answer 3

1:1

Question 4

clinically palpable breast tumor

Answer 4

2cm

Question 5

mammographical detectable breast tumor

Answer 5

1cm

Question 6

types of carcinogens

Answer 6

chemicals, oncogenic viruses, radiation

Question 7

most important carcinogen in cigarette smoke

Answer 7

polycyclic hydrocarbons

Question 8

carcinogen for angiosarcoma of the liver

Answer 8

polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Question 9

oncogenic viruses (6)

Answer 9

EBV, HHV-8, HBV, HCV, HTLV-1, high-risk HPV subtypes (16/18/31/33)

Question 10

mechanism of cancer formation in ionizing radiation

Answer 10

hydroxyl free radicals

Question 11

mechanism of cancer formation non-ionizing radiation

Answer 11

pyrimidine dimers

Question 12

regulatory systems disrupted by carcinogens (3)

Answer 12

proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, regulators of apoptosis

Question 13

chromosomal mutation in CML

Answer 13

t(9;22)- Philadelphia chromosome

Question 14

important nuclear regulators (3)

Answer 14

c-MYC, N-MYC, L-MYC

Question 15

chromosomal mutation in Burkitt lymphoma

Answer 15

t(8;14)- (MYC on Chr8 and Ig heavy chain on Chr14)

Question 16

chromosomal mutation in mantle cell lymphoma

Answer 16

t(11;14)- (CYCLIND1 on Chr11 and Ig heavy chain on Chr14)

Question 17

syndrome of germline mutation in p53

Answer 17

Li-Fraumeni syndrome

Question 18

loss of two copies of tumor suppressor gene in cancer formation

Answer 18

Knudson two-hit hypothesis

Question 19

cancer of germline mutation in Rb

Answer 19

bilateral retinoblastoma +/- osteosarcoma

Question 20

function of Bcl2

Answer 20

stabilization of mitochondrial membrane, preventing release of cytochrome C

Question 21

features of tumor development (3)

Answer 21

1) upregulated telomerase; 2) angiogenic factor production; 3) downregulation of MHCI

Question 22

sequence of tumor invasion

Answer 22

1) downregulate E-cadherin; 2) attach to laminin, destroy collagen type IV; 3) attach to fibronectin of ECM

Question 23

carcinomas that spread hematogenously

Answer 23

1) RCC; 2) HCC; 3) follicular carcinoma of the thyroid; 4) choriocarcinoma

Question 24

square area of aortic stenosis

Answer 24

2cm^2 (normal is 4cm^2)

Question 25

organisms with neg-culture endocarditis

Answer 25

HACEK organisms (hemophillus, actinobacillus, cardiobacterium, eikenella, kingella)

Question 26

vegetations on both sides of mitral valve

Answer 26

Libmann-Sacks endocarditis; associated with SLE

Question 27

organism in endocarditis that is concerning for colorectal cancer

Answer 27

Streptococcus bovis

Question 28

drug causes of dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 28

doxirubicin, cocaine

Question 29

causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy (5)

Answer 29

amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis, fibroelastosis, Loeffler syndrome

Question 30

common metastases to the heart (4)

Answer 30

breast cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, lymphoma