Pathoma Flashcards
of divisions before earliest clinical symptoms of cancer
30
normal kappa:lambda light chain ratio
3:1
normal GD6P isoform ratio
1:1
clinically palpable breast tumor
2cm
mammographical detectable breast tumor
1cm
types of carcinogens
chemicals, oncogenic viruses, radiation
most important carcinogen in cigarette smoke
polycyclic hydrocarbons
carcinogen for angiosarcoma of the liver
polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
oncogenic viruses (6)
EBV, HHV-8, HBV, HCV, HTLV-1, high-risk HPV subtypes (16/18/31/33)
mechanism of cancer formation in ionizing radiation
hydroxyl free radicals
mechanism of cancer formation non-ionizing radiation
pyrimidine dimers
regulatory systems disrupted by carcinogens (3)
proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, regulators of apoptosis
chromosomal mutation in CML
t(9;22)- Philadelphia chromosome
important nuclear regulators (3)
c-MYC, N-MYC, L-MYC
chromosomal mutation in Burkitt lymphoma
t(8;14)- (MYC on Chr8 and Ig heavy chain on Chr14)
chromosomal mutation in mantle cell lymphoma
t(11;14)- (CYCLIND1 on Chr11 and Ig heavy chain on Chr14)
syndrome of germline mutation in p53
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
loss of two copies of tumor suppressor gene in cancer formation
Knudson two-hit hypothesis
cancer of germline mutation in Rb
bilateral retinoblastoma +/- osteosarcoma
function of Bcl2
stabilization of mitochondrial membrane, preventing release of cytochrome C
features of tumor development (3)
1) upregulated telomerase; 2) angiogenic factor production; 3) downregulation of MHCI
sequence of tumor invasion
1) downregulate E-cadherin; 2) attach to laminin, destroy collagen type IV; 3) attach to fibronectin of ECM
carcinomas that spread hematogenously
1) RCC; 2) HCC; 3) follicular carcinoma of the thyroid; 4) choriocarcinoma
square area of aortic stenosis
2cm^2 (normal is 4cm^2)
organisms with neg-culture endocarditis
HACEK organisms (hemophillus, actinobacillus, cardiobacterium, eikenella, kingella)
vegetations on both sides of mitral valve
Libmann-Sacks endocarditis; associated with SLE
organism in endocarditis that is concerning for colorectal cancer
Streptococcus bovis
drug causes of dilated cardiomyopathy
doxirubicin, cocaine
causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy (5)
amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, hemochromatosis, fibroelastosis, Loeffler syndrome
common metastases to the heart (4)
breast cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, lymphoma
