Pathoma 1

Question 1

hypertrophy

Answer 1

increase in cell size

Question 2

hyperplasia

Answer 2

increase in number of cells

Question 3

which growth mechanism seen in cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and nerve

Answer 3

permanent tissues so hypertrophy only. no hyperplasia

Question 4

what is one type of hyperplasia that does not lead to cancer

Answer 4

benign prostatic hyperplasia. no increased risk for prostate cancer

Question 5

mechanism of atrophy

Answer 5

decrease in cell number via apoptosis and a decrease in cell size from ubiquitin proteosome degradation of the cytoskeleton and autophagy of cellular components.

Question 6

metaplasia

Answer 6

change in stress on an organ leading to a change in cell type

Question 7

metaplasia in barret esophagus

Answer 7

non keratinizing squamous epithelium –> non cilitated mucin producing columnar cells

Question 8

is metaplasia reversible

Answer 8

YES

Question 9

what is one type of metaplasia that does not increase risk of cancer

Answer 9

apocrine metaplasia of the breast- no increased risk!

Question 10

keratomalacia

Answer 10

this is metaplasia from VITAMIN A DEF. vitamin A is needed for cell differentiation. without it, you get thin sqamous lining of the conjunctiva undergoing metaplasia into stratified keratinizing squamous

Question 11

dysplasia

Answer 11

disordered cellular growth. often precancerous

Question 12

is dysplasia reversible

Answer 12

YES

Question 13

aplasia

Answer 13

this is failure of cell production during embryogenesis

Question 14

hypoplasia

Answer 14

decrease in cell production during embryogenesis

Question 15

hypoxia

Answer 15

low oxygen delivery to the tissues

Question 16

how does hypoxia cause cellular injury

Answer 16

low oxygen leads to low ATP which causes cellular injury

Question 17

causes of hypoxia

Answer 17

hypoxemia (low partial pressure of oxygen in the blood), ischemia, decreased O2 carrying capacity.

Question 18

winter’s formula

Answer 18

PCO2 = 15 Hco3- + 8 +/- 2

Question 19

chocolate colored blood

Answer 19

methemoglobinemia

Question 20

treatment for methemoglobinemia

Answer 20

IV methylene blue and sometimes vitamin C which can switch the Fe3+ back to Fe2+.

Question 21

what type of necrosis seen in almost all infarctions

Answer 21

coagulative necrosis (except the brain which shows liquefactive)

Question 22

what is fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 22

necrotic damage to the blood vessel wall