Pathoma 1 Flashcards
hypertrophy
increase in cell size
hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
which growth mechanism seen in cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and nerve
permanent tissues so hypertrophy only. no hyperplasia
what is one type of hyperplasia that does not lead to cancer
benign prostatic hyperplasia. no increased risk for prostate cancer
mechanism of atrophy
decrease in cell number via apoptosis and a decrease in cell size from ubiquitin proteosome degradation of the cytoskeleton and autophagy of cellular components.
metaplasia
change in stress on an organ leading to a change in cell type
metaplasia in barret esophagus
non keratinizing squamous epithelium –> non cilitated mucin producing columnar cells
is metaplasia reversible
YES
what is one type of metaplasia that does not increase risk of cancer
apocrine metaplasia of the breast- no increased risk!
keratomalacia
this is metaplasia from VITAMIN A DEF. vitamin A is needed for cell differentiation. without it, you get thin sqamous lining of the conjunctiva undergoing metaplasia into stratified keratinizing squamous
dysplasia
disordered cellular growth. often precancerous
is dysplasia reversible
YES
aplasia
this is failure of cell production during embryogenesis
hypoplasia
decrease in cell production during embryogenesis
hypoxia
low oxygen delivery to the tissues
how does hypoxia cause cellular injury
low oxygen leads to low ATP which causes cellular injury
causes of hypoxia
hypoxemia (low partial pressure of oxygen in the blood), ischemia, decreased O2 carrying capacity.
winter’s formula
PCO2 = 15 Hco3- + 8 +/- 2
chocolate colored blood
methemoglobinemia
treatment for methemoglobinemia
IV methylene blue and sometimes vitamin C which can switch the Fe3+ back to Fe2+.
what type of necrosis seen in almost all infarctions
coagulative necrosis (except the brain which shows liquefactive)
what is fibrinoid necrosis
necrotic damage to the blood vessel wall
