Pathoma 1, 2, & 3 plus Kaplan GP Path + FA GP Path

Question 1

Laminated concentric calcific sperules

Answer 1

Psammoma bodies

Question 2

What antibodies are associated with SLE?

Answer 2

Anti-ds DNA = expressed in 70% of pots

anti-Smith = most specific but only expressed in 30-40% of pts

Question 3

What happens in CO poisoning?

Answer 3

Binds to hemoglobin with high affinity, decreasing oxygen-carrying capacity and thus shifting dissociation curve to the left

Question 4

What pathology causes increased iron deposition?

Answer 4

Hemolytic anemia, frequent transfusions, hemochromatosis

Question 5

The presence of golden brown cytoplasmic granules, most prominent in cytoplasm of reticuloendothelial cells, in condition with increased iron deposition

Answer 5

Hemosiderin

Question 6

Man sets off the metal detector in an airport

Answer 6

Hemochromatosis

Question 7

Complications of hemochromatosis

Answer 7

1. cirrhosis,
2. hepatocellular carcinoma
3. skin pigmentation
4. pancreatic damage –> DM
5. congestive HF

Question 8

Coagulative necrosis is associated with

Answer 8

ischemia of any organ except brain; loss of nuclei but preservation of cellular outlines

Question 9

What does Bcl-2 do? What happens if it is over-expressed?

Answer 9

Inhibits apoptosis by blocking release of cytochrome c from inner mitochondrial membrane;
overexpression causes cancer (non-hodgkin lymphoma esp?) because bad cells become immortal without apoptosis

Question 10

What are the features of amyloid?

Answer 10

1. beta pleated sheet configuration

2. congo red staining and apple-green birefringence when viewed microscopically under polarized light

Question 11

What is the most commonly involved organ in amyloidosis?

Answer 11

Kidney –> nephrotic syndrome

Question 12

Hamartomatous polyps of the GI tract and skin

Answer 12

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

Question 13

Patients with Peutx-Jeghers have an increased risk of developing cancer of the:

Answer 13

• pancreas
• GI (colon, stomach, small intestine)
• female repro (breast, ovary, uterus)
• lung

Question 14

Japanese have higher risk for what cancer?

Answer 14

Gastic cancer, partially attributed to food preservatives and polycyclic hydrocarbons found in smoked fish

Question 15

How do you diagnose gallstones?

Answer 15

Urine dipstick should show conjugated bilirubin

Question 16

What do hemoglobin A1c levels represent?

Answer 16

Plasma glucose over the previous 3-6 months

Question 17

What factors besides hyperglycemia could increase hemoglobin A1c levels?

Answer 17

Pts with longer RBC life span, such as with iron or vitamin B12/folate deficiency

Question 18

What organs drain to the medial side of the horizontal chain of the superficial group of inguinal lymph nodes?

Answer 18

Penis, vagina, anal canal

Question 19

Dialysis associated amyloidosis

Answer 19

Beta-2 microglobulin in joints

Question 20

Achondroplasia

Answer 20

Autosomal-dominant disorder with cell-signalling defect involving fibroblast growth factor receptor 3

Question 21

Cardiac amyloidosis without amyloid deposition in other organs points towards

Answer 21

transthyretin subtype of primary amyloidosis

Question 22

What mediates septic shock?

Answer 22

Macrophage release of TNF in response to bacterial or fungal endotoxins; TNF triggers a cascade that results in vasodilation and activation of the clotting cascade.

Question 23

Gastic carcinoma is associated with what gene?

Answer 23

DCC tumor suppression gene on 18q

Question 24

Pancreatic cancer is associated with what gene

Answer 24

DPC also on 18q

Question 25

DPC and DCC are both on what chromosome?

Answer 25

18q. But really just know that DPC and DCC are located on the same chromosome long arm

Question 26

Where is BRCA-1 associated? What type of gene is BRCA-1

Answer 26

17q, tumor suppressor (associated with familial breast cancer and ovarian cancer; remember tumor suppressor genes follow the two-hit hypothesis)

Question 27

Following coronary artery occlusion, how long does it take for microscopic changes to first be seen?

Answer 27

4-12 hours

Question 28

Oxylate crystals

Answer 28

Ethylene glycol poisoning (antifreeze)

Question 29

Malignan or benign mucus-producing tumor (mucinous cyst adenoma or mucinous cystadenocarcinoma) produces gel-like mucus that fills the peritoneal cavity

Answer 29

Pseudomyxoma peritonea caused by tumor in ovary or appendix

Question 30

Childhood malignancy derived from the pluripotent neural crest cells that populate the sympathetic chain and adrenal medulla

Answer 30

Neuroblastoma

Question 31

Neuroblastoma is associated with what gene

Answer 31

N-myc translocation --> worse prognosis

Question 32

Histological characteristics of apoptosis

Answer 32

blebs of cytoplasm & nuclear fragments; hyperchromatic nuclei; examples include graft-versus-host disease and menstruation

Question 33

A rare presynaptic disorder of neuromuscular transmission in which release of acetylcholine is impaired, typically producing proximal muscle weakness (limbs)

Answer 33

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS)