Pathoma 1, 2, & 3 plus Kaplan GP Path + FA GP Path Flashcards
Laminated concentric calcific sperules
Psammoma bodies
What antibodies are associated with SLE?
Anti-ds DNA = expressed in 70% of pots
anti-Smith = most specific but only expressed in 30-40% of pts
What happens in CO poisoning?
Binds to hemoglobin with high affinity, decreasing oxygen-carrying capacity and thus shifting dissociation curve to the left
What pathology causes increased iron deposition?
Hemolytic anemia, frequent transfusions, hemochromatosis
The presence of golden brown cytoplasmic granules, most prominent in cytoplasm of reticuloendothelial cells, in condition with increased iron deposition
Hemosiderin
Man sets off the metal detector in an airport
Hemochromatosis
Complications of hemochromatosis
- cirrhosis,
- hepatocellular carcinoma
- skin pigmentation
- pancreatic damage –> DM
- congestive HF
Coagulative necrosis is associated with
ischemia of any organ except brain; loss of nuclei but preservation of cellular outlines
What does Bcl-2 do? What happens if it is over-expressed?
Inhibits apoptosis by blocking release of cytochrome c from inner mitochondrial membrane;
overexpression causes cancer (non-hodgkin lymphoma esp?) because bad cells become immortal without apoptosis
What are the features of amyloid?
- beta pleated sheet configuration
2. congo red staining and apple-green birefringence when viewed microscopically under polarized light
What is the most commonly involved organ in amyloidosis?
Kidney –> nephrotic syndrome
Hamartomatous polyps of the GI tract and skin
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Patients with Peutx-Jeghers have an increased risk of developing cancer of the:
- pancreas
- GI (colon, stomach, small intestine)
- female repro (breast, ovary, uterus)
- lung
Japanese have higher risk for what cancer?
Gastic cancer, partially attributed to food preservatives and polycyclic hydrocarbons found in smoked fish
How do you diagnose gallstones?
Urine dipstick should show conjugated bilirubin
What do hemoglobin A1c levels represent?
Plasma glucose over the previous 3-6 months
What factors besides hyperglycemia could increase hemoglobin A1c levels?
Pts with longer RBC life span, such as with iron or vitamin B12/folate deficiency
What organs drain to the medial side of the horizontal chain of the superficial group of inguinal lymph nodes?
Penis, vagina, anal canal
Dialysis associated amyloidosis
Beta-2 microglobulin in joints
Achondroplasia
Autosomal-dominant disorder with cell-signalling defect involving fibroblast growth factor receptor 3
Cardiac amyloidosis without amyloid deposition in other organs points towards
transthyretin subtype of primary amyloidosis
What mediates septic shock?
Macrophage release of TNF in response to bacterial or fungal endotoxins; TNF triggers a cascade that results in vasodilation and activation of the clotting cascade.
Gastic carcinoma is associated with what gene?
DCC tumor suppression gene on 18q
Pancreatic cancer is associated with what gene
DPC also on 18q
DPC and DCC are both on what chromosome?
18q. But really just know that DPC and DCC are located on the same chromosome long arm
Where is BRCA-1 associated? What type of gene is BRCA-1
17q, tumor suppressor (associated with familial breast cancer and ovarian cancer; remember tumor suppressor genes follow the two-hit hypothesis)
Following coronary artery occlusion, how long does it take for microscopic changes to first be seen?
4-12 hours
Oxylate crystals
Ethylene glycol poisoning (antifreeze)
Malignan or benign mucus-producing tumor (mucinous cyst adenoma or mucinous cystadenocarcinoma) produces gel-like mucus that fills the peritoneal cavity
Pseudomyxoma peritonea caused by tumor in ovary or appendix
Childhood malignancy derived from the pluripotent neural crest cells that populate the sympathetic chain and adrenal medulla
Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is associated with what gene
N-myc translocation –> worse prognosis
Histological characteristics of apoptosis
blebs of cytoplasm & nuclear fragments;
hyperchromatic nuclei;
examples include graft-versus-host disease and menstruation
A rare presynaptic disorder of neuromuscular transmission in which release of acetylcholine is impaired, typically producing proximal muscle weakness (limbs)
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS)
