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Foundations Of Medicine PoD > Pathology + Tumours > Flashcards

Pathology + Tumours Flashcards

1
Q

Features of viral pathogenesis

A
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2
Q

What is pathogen and commensal

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3
Q

What does colonisation mean

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4
Q

Latent or asymptomatic infection

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5
Q

Features of clinical infection

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6
Q

Pathogenicity

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7
Q

Concepts of infectivity and virulence

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8
Q

Features of pathogenic toxins and their effects

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9
Q

Sites of viral entry

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10
Q

Features of acute viral infections with examples

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11
Q

Features of enterovirus infection and examples

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12
Q

How virus can induce tumours with examples

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13
Q

Humoral and cell mediated immunity

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14
Q

How allergens induce immediate immune response during early phase allergy

A

IgE mediates effects
Activate mast cells

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15
Q

Relationship between (IgE and IgG) and Fc receptors

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16
Q

What is atopy

A

Predisposition to allergy

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17
Q

Differences between type 2 and 3 antibody mediated hypersensitivity

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18
Q

Factors mediated by T cells cause tissue damage and autoimmune disease

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19
Q

Contrast systemic and organ specific autoimmune disease

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20
Q

What does the ectoderm consist of

A
  • skin
    -nerves
    -melanocytes
21
Q

What does the mesoderm consist of

A

Muscle
Blood
Bone
Cartilage
Endothelium
Serous membrane

22
Q

What does the endoderm consist of

A

Lining of airways
Lining of gut
Glands

23
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Beyond formation
( ells increase in number)

24
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Beyond nourishment
(Cells become larger in size)

25
Q

Atrophy

A

Without nourishment
(Cells decrease in size)

26
Q

Metaplasia

A

Change in formation
(Make cell change e.g. columnar epithelium to squamous metaplasia)

27
Q

Tumor

A

Swelling

28
Q

Neoplasia

A

New formation
(Abnormal growth of tissue, uncoordinated proliferation,, can result in cessation of stimuli)

29
Q

Benign vs malignant

A

Benign: well born, neoplasm does not invade or metastasise (move away from primary location)

30
Q

Cancer

A

Non-specific/non-technical term for a malignant neoplasm

31
Q

Carcinoma

A

Epithelium

32
Q

Sarcoma
Leukaemia
Lymphoma
Others

A

Connective tissue
White blood cells in blood
Lymphoid cells

33
Q

Physical properties of cancer cells

A

Pleomorphic (alter shape and size in response to environmental factors)

Hyper chromatic (Stain more deeply that normal)

Coarse chromatin ((irregular clumps varying in shape and size)

Highly mitosis and abnormal forms

Disorganised structure

34
Q

Behaviour of normal cells

A

Replicate when required

Stick together and replicate when required

Specialised to specific role

Die when instructed

35
Q

Behaviour of cancer cells

A

Unregulated growth

Loss of cohesion

Immaturity

Immorality

36
Q

Carcinogenesis

A

Tumour angiogenesis: required to sustain growth, escape route

Apoptosis: programmed cell death, active process

Necrosis: premature cell death, passive process

37
Q

What is an oncogene, protooncogene and tumour suppressor

A

Oncogene: gene with potential to cause cancer

Pro-oncogene: helps cells stay alive, helps cells grow and divide to form new cells

Tumour suppressor: inhibit cell proliferation,

38
Q

How does cancer spread

A

Metasis:

-multiple step process
-extracellular matrix remodelling
-loss of cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix adhesion

39
Q

Lymphatic spread of cancer

A

-invade connective tissue
-enter lymphatic
-travel through lymphatics
-exit lymphatics
-enter lymph node
-grow in lymph node

40
Q

Trans-coelomic spread of cancer

A

Spread through body cavity

-peritoneal: gastric, colonic, ovarian
-pleural: lung

41
Q

Local effects of cancer

A
  • Brain: confusion, coma, seizure
  • colon: haemmarshage, constipation, diarrhoea
  • bone: pain, anaemia, fracture
  • lung: haemoptysis, dyspnoea
  • spine: paraethesia, paralysis
  • liver: jaundice, coagulopathy
  • side effects: immunosuppression, fatigue, hair loss
42
Q

Systemic effects of cancer

A
  • Cachexia: weakness, wasting due to chronic illness, muscle/fat loss
  • paraneoplastic syndromes: tumours abnormally or inappropriately produce hormones (ACTH, PTH, adh)

-

43
Q

Dysplasia and intra-epithelia neoplasia

A
  • Dysplasia: disorder of cell growth, does not invade
44
Q

Key processes and genes in cell cycle

A
45
Q

Environmental vs inherited factors in carcinogenesis

A
46
Q

Multi step nature of carcinognesis

A

Foundations Of Medicine PoD (5 decks)

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