Pathology + Tumours Flashcards
Features of viral pathogenesis
What is pathogen and commensal
What does colonisation mean
Latent or asymptomatic infection
Features of clinical infection
Pathogenicity
Concepts of infectivity and virulence
Features of pathogenic toxins and their effects
Sites of viral entry
Features of acute viral infections with examples
Features of enterovirus infection and examples
How virus can induce tumours with examples
Humoral and cell mediated immunity
How allergens induce immediate immune response during early phase allergy
IgE mediates effects
Activate mast cells
Relationship between (IgE and IgG) and Fc receptors
What is atopy
Predisposition to allergy
Differences between type 2 and 3 antibody mediated hypersensitivity
Factors mediated by T cells cause tissue damage and autoimmune disease
Contrast systemic and organ specific autoimmune disease
What does the ectoderm consist of
- skin
-nerves
-melanocytes
What does the mesoderm consist of
Muscle
Blood
Bone
Cartilage
Endothelium
Serous membrane
What does the endoderm consist of
Lining of airways
Lining of gut
Glands
Hyperplasia
Beyond formation
( ells increase in number)
Hypertrophy
Beyond nourishment
(Cells become larger in size)
Atrophy
Without nourishment
(Cells decrease in size)
Metaplasia
Change in formation
(Make cell change e.g. columnar epithelium to squamous metaplasia)
Tumor
Swelling
Neoplasia
New formation
(Abnormal growth of tissue, uncoordinated proliferation,, can result in cessation of stimuli)
Benign vs malignant
Benign: well born, neoplasm does not invade or metastasise (move away from primary location)
Cancer
Non-specific/non-technical term for a malignant neoplasm
Carcinoma
Epithelium
Sarcoma
Leukaemia
Lymphoma
Others
Connective tissue
White blood cells in blood
Lymphoid cells
Physical properties of cancer cells
Pleomorphic (alter shape and size in response to environmental factors)
Hyper chromatic (Stain more deeply that normal)
Coarse chromatin ((irregular clumps varying in shape and size)
Highly mitosis and abnormal forms
Disorganised structure
Behaviour of normal cells
Replicate when required
Stick together and replicate when required
Specialised to specific role
Die when instructed
Behaviour of cancer cells
Unregulated growth
Loss of cohesion
Immaturity
Immorality
Carcinogenesis
Tumour angiogenesis: required to sustain growth, escape route
Apoptosis: programmed cell death, active process
Necrosis: premature cell death, passive process
What is an oncogene, protooncogene and tumour suppressor
Oncogene: gene with potential to cause cancer
Pro-oncogene: helps cells stay alive, helps cells grow and divide to form new cells
Tumour suppressor: inhibit cell proliferation,
How does cancer spread
Metasis:
-multiple step process
-extracellular matrix remodelling
-loss of cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix adhesion
Lymphatic spread of cancer
-invade connective tissue
-enter lymphatic
-travel through lymphatics
-exit lymphatics
-enter lymph node
-grow in lymph node
Trans-coelomic spread of cancer
Spread through body cavity
-peritoneal: gastric, colonic, ovarian
-pleural: lung
Local effects of cancer
- Brain: confusion, coma, seizure
- colon: haemmarshage, constipation, diarrhoea
- bone: pain, anaemia, fracture
- lung: haemoptysis, dyspnoea
- spine: paraethesia, paralysis
- liver: jaundice, coagulopathy
- side effects: immunosuppression, fatigue, hair loss
Systemic effects of cancer
- Cachexia: weakness, wasting due to chronic illness, muscle/fat loss
- paraneoplastic syndromes: tumours abnormally or inappropriately produce hormones (ACTH, PTH, adh)
-
Dysplasia and intra-epithelia neoplasia
- Dysplasia: disorder of cell growth, does not invade
Key processes and genes in cell cycle
Environmental vs inherited factors in carcinogenesis
Multi step nature of carcinognesis
