Pathology + Tumours

Question 1

Features of viral pathogenesis

Question 2

What is pathogen and commensal

Question 3

What does colonisation mean

Question 4

Latent or asymptomatic infection

Question 5

Features of clinical infection

Question 6

Pathogenicity

Question 7

Concepts of infectivity and virulence

Question 8

Features of pathogenic toxins and their effects

Question 9

Sites of viral entry

Question 10

Features of acute viral infections with examples

Question 11

Features of enterovirus infection and examples

Question 12

How virus can induce tumours with examples

Question 13

Humoral and cell mediated immunity

Question 14

How allergens induce immediate immune response during early phase allergy

Answer 14

IgE mediates effects
Activate mast cells

Question 15

Relationship between (IgE and IgG) and Fc receptors

Question 16

What is atopy

Answer 16

Predisposition to allergy

Question 17

Differences between type 2 and 3 antibody mediated hypersensitivity

Question 18

Factors mediated by T cells cause tissue damage and autoimmune disease

Question 19

Contrast systemic and organ specific autoimmune disease

Question 20

What does the ectoderm consist of

Answer 20

• skin
  -nerves
  -melanocytes

Question 21

What does the mesoderm consist of

Answer 21

Muscle
Blood
Bone
Cartilage
Endothelium
Serous membrane

Question 22

What does the endoderm consist of

Answer 22

Lining of airways
Lining of gut
Glands

Question 23

Hyperplasia

Answer 23

Beyond formation
( ells increase in number)

Question 24

Hypertrophy

Answer 24

Beyond nourishment
(Cells become larger in size)

Question 25

Atrophy

Answer 25

Without nourishment (Cells decrease in size)

Question 26

Metaplasia

Answer 26

Change in formation (Make cell change e.g. columnar epithelium to squamous metaplasia)

Question 27

Tumor

Answer 27

Swelling

Question 28

Neoplasia

Answer 28

New formation (Abnormal growth of tissue, uncoordinated proliferation,, can result in cessation of stimuli)

Question 29

Benign vs malignant

Answer 29

Benign: well born, neoplasm does not invade or metastasise (move away from primary location)

Question 30

Cancer

Answer 30

Non-specific/non-technical term for a malignant neoplasm

Question 31

Carcinoma

Answer 31

Epithelium

Question 32

Sarcoma Leukaemia Lymphoma Others

Answer 32

Connective tissue White blood cells in blood Lymphoid cells

Question 33

Physical properties of cancer cells

Answer 33

Pleomorphic (alter shape and size in response to environmental factors) Hyper chromatic (Stain more deeply that normal) Coarse chromatin ((irregular clumps varying in shape and size) Highly mitosis and abnormal forms Disorganised structure

Question 34

Behaviour of normal cells

Answer 34

Replicate when required Stick together and replicate when required Specialised to specific role Die when instructed

Question 35

Behaviour of cancer cells

Answer 35

Unregulated growth Loss of cohesion Immaturity Immorality

Question 36

Carcinogenesis

Answer 36

Tumour angiogenesis: required to sustain growth, escape route Apoptosis: programmed cell death, active process Necrosis: premature cell death, passive process

Question 37

What is an oncogene, protooncogene and tumour suppressor

Answer 37

Oncogene: gene with potential to cause cancer Pro-oncogene: helps cells stay alive, helps cells grow and divide to form new cells Tumour suppressor: inhibit cell proliferation,

Question 38

How does cancer spread

Answer 38

Metasis: -multiple step process -extracellular matrix remodelling -loss of cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix adhesion

Question 39

Lymphatic spread of cancer

Answer 39

-invade connective tissue -enter lymphatic -travel through lymphatics -exit lymphatics -enter lymph node -grow in lymph node

Question 40

Trans-coelomic spread of cancer

Answer 40

Spread through body cavity -peritoneal: gastric, colonic, ovarian -pleural: lung

Question 41

Local effects of cancer

Answer 41

- Brain: confusion, coma, seizure - colon: haemmarshage, constipation, diarrhoea - bone: pain, anaemia, fracture - lung: haemoptysis, dyspnoea - spine: paraethesia, paralysis - liver: jaundice, coagulopathy - side effects: immunosuppression, fatigue, hair loss

Question 42

Systemic effects of cancer

Answer 42

- Cachexia: weakness, wasting due to chronic illness, muscle/fat loss - paraneoplastic syndromes: tumours abnormally or inappropriately produce hormones (ACTH, PTH, adh) -

Question 43

Dysplasia and intra-epithelia neoplasia

Answer 43

- Dysplasia: disorder of cell growth, does not invade

Question 44

Key processes and genes in cell cycle

Question 45

Environmental vs inherited factors in carcinogenesis

Question 46

Multi step nature of carcinognesis