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Step 1 > Pathology (tumor markers and paraneoplastic disorders) > Flashcards

Pathology (tumor markers and paraneoplastic disorders) Flashcards

1
Q

FGF

A

angiogenesis

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2
Q

TGF beta

A

angiogenesis

fibrosis

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3
Q

VEGF

A

angiogenesis

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4
Q

PDGF

A

From activated platelets and macrophages

vascular remodeling
smooth mm cell migration
fibroblast growth for collagen synthesis

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5
Q

MEtalloproteinases

A

tissue remodeling

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6
Q

EGF

A

stimulates cell growth via tyrosine kinases

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7
Q

Epithelial origin cancer

A

carcinoma

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8
Q

Mesenchymal cancer

A

sarcoma

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9
Q

Disorganized buy native location

A

hamartoma

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10
Q

Normal tissue but foreign location

A

choristoma

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11
Q

smooth muscle tumor of mesenchyme origin

A

leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma

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12
Q

Dermatomyositis

A

adenocarcinoma (esp. ovarian)

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13
Q

Acanthosis nigricans

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma

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14
Q

Leser trelat

A

GI adenocarcinoma

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15
Q

hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

(abnormal proliferation of skin and bone at distal extremities –> clubbing, arthralgia, joint effusions, periostosis of tubular bones)

A

lung adenocarcinoma

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16
Q

hypercalcemia due to PTHrP

A

SCC of lung, head, neck

renal, bladder, breast, and ovarian carcinomas

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17
Q

Hypercalcemia due to increased Calcitriol

A

lymphoma

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18
Q

Cushings syndrome

A

Small cell lung cancer

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19
Q

SIADH

A

small cell lung cancer

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20
Q

Polycythemia

A

Pheochromocytoma

RCC

HCC

Hemangioblastoma

Leiomyoma

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21
Q

Pure red cell aplasia

anemia with low reticulocytes

A

thymoma

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22
Q

Good syndrome

hypogammaglobulinemia

A

Thymoma

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23
Q

Trousseau syndrome

migratory superficial thrombophlebitis

A

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

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24
Q

Nonbacterial Thrombotic endocarditis

A

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

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25
Q

Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis

  • psychiatric disturbances
  • memory deficits
  • seizures
  • dyskinesia
  • autonomic instability
  • language dysfunction
A

Ovarian teratoma

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26
Q

Opsoclonus-myoclonus ataxia syndrome

“dancing eyes and feet”

A

Neuroblastoma in children

Small cell lung cancer in adults

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27
Q

Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration

Ab against antigens in purkinje cells

A

small cell lung cancer (anti-hu)
gynecologic and breast cancer (anti-yo)
Hodgkin lymphoma (anti-tri)

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28
Q

Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis

Ab against Hu antigens in neurons

A

Small cell lung cancer

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29
Q

lambert eaton

A

small cell lung cancer

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30
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

thymoma

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31
Q

ALK

A

protooncogene

receptor tyrosine kinase

think Adenocarcinoma Lung Kinase

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32
Q

BCR-ABL

A

protooncogene

Tyrosine kinase

CML
ALL

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33
Q

BCL-2

A

protooncogene

antiapoptotic molecule

follicular and diffuse large b cell lymphoma

think “BCL= B Cell Lymphoma”

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34
Q

BRAF

A

protooncogene

Serine/threonine kinase

melanoma
non hodgkin lymphoma
pap thyroid carinoma

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35
Q

C-KIT

A

protooncogene

cytokine receptor

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor

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36
Q

C-MYC

A

protooncogene

Transcription factor

Burkitt lymphoma

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37
Q

HER2/neu

A

protooncogene

Receptor tyrosine kinase

breast and gastric

38
Q

JAK2

A

protooncogene

tyrosine kinase

Chronic myeloproliferative disorders

39
Q

KRAS

A

protooncogene

GTPase

Colon
lung
pancreatic

40
Q

MYCL1

A

protooncogene

Transcription factor

think L stands for lung

41
Q

N-MYC

A

protooncogene

Transcription factor

N=neuroblastoma

42
Q

RET

A

protooncogene

receptor tyrosine kinase

MEN2A
MEN2B
Papillary thyroid carcinoma

43
Q

APC

A

tumor suppressor gene

negative regulator of beta catenin/WNT pathway

colorectal cancer in FAP

44
Q

BRCA1 BRCA2

A

tumor suppressor gene

DNA repair

breast ovarian pancreatic cancer

45
Q

CDKN2A

A

tumor suppressor gene

p16, blocks G1-S

melanoma and pancreatic

46
Q

DCC

A

tumor suppressor gene

think deleted in colon cancer

47
Q

SMAD4(DPC4)

A

tumor suppressor gene

think deleted in pancreatic cancer

48
Q

MEN1

A

tumor suppressor gene

Menin

49
Q

NF1

A

tumor suppressor gene

neurofibromin (Ras GTPase activating protein)

50
Q

NF2

A

tumor suppressor gene

Merlin (schwannomin) protein

51
Q

PTEN

A

tumor suppressor gene

negatively regulates P13k/AKT pathway
breast, prostate, endometrial cancer

52
Q

Rb

A

tumor suppressor gene

inhibits E2F and blocks G1–> S

retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma

53
Q

TP53

A

tumor suppressor gene

P53 activates p21 and blocks G1–>S phase

Li fraumeni syndrome: sarcoma, breast, leukemia, adrenal gland cancer

54
Q

TSC1

A

tumor suppressor gene

hamartin protein in tuberous sclerosis

55
Q

TSC2

A

tumor suppressor gene

Tuberin protein in tuberous sclerosis

56
Q

VHL

A

tumor suppressor gene inhibits hypoxia inducible factor 1 a

VHL

57
Q

WT1

A

tumor suppressor gene

transcription factor that regulates urogenital development

58
Q

Liver fluke causes what cancer

A

cholangiocarinoma

59
Q

EBV causes what cancers

A

Burkitt
Hodgkin
Nasopharyngeal
primary lymphoma

60
Q

aflatoxins

A

HCC

61
Q

alkylating agents

A

leukemia/lymphoma

62
Q

aromatic amines

A

Transitional call carcinoma in bladder

63
Q

arsenic

A

Liver angiosarcoma
lung cancer
SCC of skin

64
Q

Ethanol

A

SCC esophagus

HCC

65
Q

nitrosamines in smoked foods

A

gastric cancer

66
Q

radon as by product of uranium decay

A

lung cancer

67
Q

vinyl chloride in PVC pipes (seen in plumbers)

A

Liver angiosarcoma

68
Q

Psammomma bodies

A

PSaMMoma

papillary carcinoma of thyroid
Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary
Meningioma
Malignant mesothelioma

69
Q

alpha fetoprotein

A

low in downs syndrome

High in…

HCC 
Endodermal sinus (yolk sac tumor)
Mixed germ cell 
Ataxia telangiectasia 
Neural tube 
"HE-MAN"
70
Q

beta HCG

A

hydatiform moles
choriocarcinoma
testicular cancer
mixed germ cell tumor

71
Q

CA 15-3/CA 27-29

A

Breast cancer

72
Q

CA 19-9

A

pancreatic adenocarcinoma

73
Q

CA 125

A

ovarian cancer

74
Q

Calcitonin

A

medullary thyroid carcinoma
MEN2A
MEN2B

75
Q

CEA

A

carcinoembryonic antigen

colorectal and pancreatic

76
Q

chromagranin

A

neuroendocrine tumors

77
Q

LDH

A

testicular, ovarian dysgerminoma,

78
Q

PSA

A

prostate
BPH
prostatitis

79
Q

vimentin stain

A

mesenchymal tissue

sarcomas

80
Q

s-100 stain

A

neural crest cells

81
Q

Desmin stain

A

muscle

82
Q

Cytokeratin stain

A

epithelial cells

83
Q

GFAP stain

A

Neuroglia

84
Q

Neurofilament stain

A

neurons

85
Q

Chromgranin and synaptophysin

A

neuroendocrine

small cell carcinoma of lung or carcinoid tumor

86
Q

Cancer incidence in men, women, children

A

men: prostate>lung>colon
women: breast>lung> colon
kids: leukemia>CNS>neuroblastoma

87
Q

cancer mortality in men, women, children

A

men: lung>prostate> colon
women: lung>breast>colon
Kids: leukemia>CNS>neuroblastoma

88
Q

sarcomas spread

A

hematogenously

89
Q

carcinomas spread

A

lymphatics

except

follicular
choriocarcinoma
RCC
HCC

90
Q

Metastasis to brain

A

lung>breast>melanoma,colon, kidney

91
Q

metastasis to liver

A

colon»stomach>pancreas

92
Q

metastasis to bone (axial skeleton)

A

prostate/breast> kidney, thyroid, lung, lead

breast mixed
prostate is blastic
rest are lytic

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