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Pathology MD3002 > Pathology of the Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Pathology of the Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are some common disorders of the prostate?

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Carcinoma, prostatitis

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2
Q

What is benign nodular hyperplasia?

A
  • Non-neoplastic enlargement of the prostate which is associated with hormonal imbalance. It obstructs urine flow and is associated with infection
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3
Q

Where does benign nodular hyperplasia (benign prostatic hyperplasia) effect?

A

Normally the transition zone of the prostate plus peri-urethral glands. Results in nodules of glands and stroma. It can also involve the peri-urethral zone interferes with urethral sphincter.

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4
Q

What are the types of urinary retention caused by BPH?

A

Acute - Painful,

Chronic - Painless and more gradual

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5
Q

What are some of the complications of BPH?

A
  • Compression of the urethra,
  • Nodular enlargement of prostate gland,
  • Diverticulum,
  • Muscular hypertrophy,
  • Bilateral hydroureter,
  • Bilateral hydronephrosis,
  • kidney infections, renal failure, calculi and septicaemia.
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6
Q

describe the difference in symptoms between BPH and prostate carcinoma

A
  • BPH tends to effect the peri-urethral zone which results in urinary symptoms early whereas carcinomas tend to occur in the subcapsular zone and therefore doesn’t produce symptoms till late one.
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7
Q

Describe general features of prostatic carcinomas?

A

Adenocarcinomas usually occurs in 50+ years mainly the posterior subcapsular area, has asymmetric enlargement and metastasis to bone.

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8
Q

What is the precursor for prostatic carcinomas?

A

Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia

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9
Q

Describe the spread and clinical features of prostatic carcinomas

A

Gleason score measures differentiation and distribution. TNM staging and they present with urinary symptoms, incidental finding on rectal exam, bone metastases and lymph node metastasis.

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10
Q

How do you diagnose prostatic carcinomas?

A
  • Imaging (US, Xray)
  • Cystoscopy,
  • Biochemistry,
  • Haematological,
  • Biopsy.
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11
Q

What is the treatment for prostatic carcinoma?

A
  • Oestrogenic,
  • GnRH analogues,
  • Orchidectomy (removal of one or both testicles),
  • Radiotherapy,
  • Radicle prostatectomy.
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12
Q

What are some pathologies of the penis and scrotum? (congenital, inflammation and tumours

A

Sexually transmitted,

  • Congenital; Hypospadias and Epispadias,
  • Inflammation and infections; Phimosis and paraphimosis.
  • Tumours - Bowen’s disease and invasive squamous cell carcinoma.
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13
Q

What is hypospadias and epispadias?

A

H- Urethral opening on inferior aspect.

E - Often accompanied by abnormal development of the bladder.

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14
Q

What is phimosis and paraphimosis

A

Phimosis - Inability to retract the foreskin,

Paraphimosis - foreskin can no longer be pulled over the penis

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15
Q

Name some pathologies that can affect the urethra?

A

Obstruction (congenital valves, rupture and stricture),

  • Urethritis (Gonococcal and non-gonococcal),
  • Rupture,
  • Tumours (warts and transitional cell carcinoma)
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16
Q

What are some of the developmental and cystic lesions of the testies?

A

Undescended testies (risk factor for cancer), hydrocoele and haematocoele

17
Q

What are some causes of orchitis?

A
  • Mumps orchitis,
  • Idiopathic granulomatous orchitis,
  • Symphilitic orchitis
18
Q

What are the two most common types of testicular carcinomas?

A
  • Teratoma (peak incidence 20-30years, more agressive),

- Seminoma (peak incidence 30-50 years)

19
Q

What are the different categories of seminomas and teratomas?

A

Seminomas - Classical, spermatocytic, anaplastic, combined.

Teratoma - Differentiated, intermediate, undifferentiated and trophoblastic.

20
Q

What are some other germ cell tumours?

A
  • Intratubular germ cell neoplasia,
  • Yolk sac tumour (AFP is a useful marker),
  • Combined germ cell tumours.
21
Q

What are some non-germ cell tumours?

A
  • Malignant lymphoma,
  • Leydig cell tumour,
  • Sertoli cell tumour,
  • Metastatic tumours.
22
Q

What is significant is about testicular tumours and what is their presentation?

A

They can present with painless unilateral enlargement of testies, secondary hydrocele, symptoms of metastasis however they metastasis to para-aortic lymphnodes so aren’t palpable. Retroperitoneal mass and gynaecomastia

23
Q

What are some causes of mail infertility?

A
  • Endocrine disorders (gnRH deficiency, oestrogen excess),
  • Testicular lesions (cryptochidism, abnormal spermatogensis)
  • Post testicular lesions (obstruction of efferent ducts
24
Q

What are some abnormalities of the epididymis and spermatic cord?

A

Congenital, epididymis cysts and spermatocoeles, varicocele, torsion of the spermatic cord and testies, inflammatory lesions and tumours

Pathology MD3002 (21 decks)

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