Pathology of the GI Tract- Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands (Part 1 of 4) Flashcards
most of the lymphatic drainage of the tongue occurs how?
it converges toward and follows the venous drainage
what part of the tongue runs an independent course for lymphatic drainage?
tip of the tongue, frenulum, and central lower lip
when it comes to oral cavity manifestations, what will patients present with complaints of? (5)
could be asymptomatic, pain, lesion/growth/mass (mouth or neck), weight loss, or other medical conditions/ systemic disease/ syndrome (diabetes)
what radiology can be used when a patient presents with an oral cavity complaint?
conventional x-ray, panorex, CT scan, or ultrasound
what are three examples of diseases of teeth and supporting structures?
caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis
what is the most common disease worldwide?
dental caries (tooth decay); also a major cause of tooth loss before age 35
what is significant about dental caries medically speaking?
it could cause pain to the extent that it affects activities of daily living; it could cause weight loss/ nutrition problems, it could cause loss of self confidence/ esteem, or it could cause potential life-threatening infections
what causes dental caries?
focal demineralization of tooth structure (enamel and dentin) by acidic products of bacterial sugar fermentation
early colonizers of the tooth are mainly health-associated what species? (2)
streptococcal species: S. sanguinis and S. gordonii
what can poor oral hygiene, a high sugar diet, and other salivary immunological and microbial factors lead to?
development of pathogenic biofilms (dysbiosis); S. mutans produces a glucan matrix
what does the glucan matrix that S. mutans produces lead to?
robust biofilm formation and colonization by taxa which could not have bound the tooth surface unassisted (late colonizers)
what are some examples of acid-tolerant cariogenic organisms? (3)
s. mutans, lactobacillus spp., Veillonella spp.
what selects for increasingly acid-tolerant cariogenic organisms?
production of acid within the biofilm
what is gingivitis?
inflammation of the oral mucosa surrounding the teeth
what causes gingivitis?
accumulation of dental plaque and calculus- the result of poor oral hygiene
when is gingivitis the most prevalent and severe?
in adolescence (ranging from 40-60%)
what is dental plaque?
a sticky, colorless biofilm that collects between and on the surface of the teeth because of poor oral hygiene
when does a biofilm form?
when certain microorganisms adhere to the surface of some object in a moist environment and begin to reproduce
if not removed, what can plaque become?
mineralized to form calculus (tartar)
what is periodontitis?
an inflammatory process that affects the supporting structures of the teeth (periodontal ligaments), alveolar bone, and cementum
what causes periodontitis?
poor oral hygiene with resultant change in oral flora
periodontitis is associated with some systemic diseases such as what? (7)
AIDS, leukemia, chron disease, diabetes, down syndrome, sarcoidosis, and syndrome associated with defects in neutrophil function/ production
what is the general description of an inflammatory lesion?
something that is inflammatory causes a local reaction that shows up by swelling, heat, pain, and redness
what is the general description of a reactive lesion?
it is something that is showing response to a stimulus
what are two causes of inflammation?
organisms or foreign bodies
what are 3 examples of injurious stimuli?
physical agents, nutritional changes, genetic changes
What is the medical term for a canker sore?
Aphthous ulcer
how would you describe an aphthous ulcer?
often recurrent, exceedingly painful, superficial oral mucosal ulcerations of unknown etiology
what are aphthous ulcers associated with?
familial clustering and associated with immunologic disorders such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and Behcet disease
what are three examples of fibrous proliferative lesions?
traumatic fibroma/irritation fibroma, pyogenic granuloma, peripheral ossifying fibroma
where are traumatic fibroma/irritation fibromas primarily found?
on the buccal mucosa along the bite line or the gingiva
how would you describe the histology of a traumatic/irritation fibroma?
circumscribed, well-defined borders, benign; submucosal
what is a pyogenic granuloma?
an inflammatory lesion typically found on the gingiva of children, young adults, and pregnant women (pregnancy tumor)
what does the histology of a pyogenic granuloma look like?
there is actually no pyogenic component; there are lobular capillary proliferations –> that’s why it looks like red vascularized tissue
how do peripheral ossifying fibromas appear?
red, ulcerated, and/or nodular lesions of the gingiva
when is the peak incidence for peripheral ossifying fibromas?
young and teenage females; NOT associated with pregnant females
what happens if you let a pyogenic granuloma run its natural course?
it turns into a peripheral ossifying fibroma
how do you treat a peripheral ossifying fibroma?
complete surgical excision down to the periosteum is the treatment of choice
