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AT Exam > Pathology of Sport Injuries (9-10) > Flashcards

Pathology of Sport Injuries (9-10) Flashcards

1
Q

Define Stiffness

A

tissue’s ability resist load

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2
Q

Define Stress

A

Internal resistance of the tissues to an external load

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3
Q

Define Strain

A

deformation of tissue due to load

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4
Q

What is elasticity vs plasticity

A

Elasticity - ability of tissue to return to normal after deformation

Plasticity - deformation of tissue that exists after load is removed

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5
Q

What is Creep

A

deformation of tissue when load is placed on over period of time

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6
Q

In Bending loading - what side is stretched vs shortened?

A

Convex side is elongated (tensioned)

Concave side is shortened (compressed)

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7
Q

Name the layers of muscle fibre

A

Myofibril
Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium

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8
Q

What are 3 properties of tendons

A
  • mechanical strength
  • good flexibility
  • elastic
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9
Q

What are 3 causes of muscle cramps?

A

Overload
Muscle fatigue
Electrolyte/Fluid imbalance

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10
Q

What happens when muscle fatigues?

What does it cause?

A 
Increase muscle spindle activity
decrease GTO (inhibition of muscle)

causes reflex contraction

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11
Q

Name 2 types of Muscle spasms

A
  1. Clonic - alternating involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation
  2. Tonic - rigid muscle contraction
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12
Q

What are symptoms of DOMS?

A

increase mm tension
swelling
stiffness
resistant to stretch

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13
Q

When is the breaking point of tendons reached?

A

At 6-8% increase of the length

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of Myofascial Trigger Points?

A
  1. Latent - not painful until pressed, restrict movt or cause mm weakness
  2. Active - pressure causes jump sign, painful @ rest, referred pain pattern
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15
Q

What are characteristics of a Synovial Joint?

A
  1. hyaline or articular cartilage
  2. Joint capsule
  3. Synovial membrane
  4. Synovial fluid
  5. MechanoR - provide position of joint
  6. Supported by ligaments for stability
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16
Q

What is Diastasis

A

separation of 2 bones

17
Q

What are signs and symptoms of OA?

A
  • pain w/ activity
  • alleviated w/ rest
  • stiffness improves w/ activity
  • localized tenderness
  • pain in morning
  • crepitus
18
Q

How does bursitis occur?

A

Excessive movement or trauma around bursae causes irritation/inflammation. Bursa will produce large amount of synovial fluid, increasing pressure

19
Q

Name 3 spots that bursitis commonly occurs

A

subacromial
olecranon
prepatellar

20
Q

Name the 5 functions of bone

A
  1. body support
  2. organ protection
  3. movement
  4. calcium storage
  5. form RBC
21
Q

What is Diaphysis?

A

main shaft of a long bone

22
Q

What is epiphysis

A

ends of long bones, made of cancellous (spongy bone), covered in hyaline cartilage

23
Q

What is Periosteum

What is medullar cavity

What is endosteum

A

Periosteum - covers long bones, has Sharpeys Fibres - penetrate bone

Medullary Cavity - hollow tube in long bone, contains yellow fatty marrow

Endosteum - lines medullary cavity

24
Q

What does bone growth require?

A

Osteoblasts, Calcification

epiphyseal growth plates

25
Q

At what age does bone loss exceed bone growth

What is the condition called

A

Age 35-40

Osteoporosis

26
Q

What are some causes of stress fracture?

A
  • over training
  • change to GRF
  • too much, too soon
  • over load
27
Q

What are S/S of stress fracture

A
  • swelling, focal tenderness, pain

- pain is more intense at night

28
Q

What are 3 types of epiphyseal growth plate injuries

A
  1. Injury to epiphyseal plate
  2. Physis articular epiphyseal injury
  3. Apophyseal injury - traction epiphysis (Severs disease, Osgood-Schlatters)
29
Q

What is osteochondrosis?

A

Degenerative changes in ossification centers of epiphyseal bones,
during rapid growth in children

30
Q

What is apophysitis

A

Osteochondrosis at a tubercle or tuberosity

31
Q

How much does a nerve regenerate in a day

A

3-4 mm

32
Q

What are signs of Inflammatory Response

A 
redness - rubor
swelling - tumor
loss of function
pain - dolor
increase temp - calor
33
Q

What are the 3 chemical mediators important in inflammation response. What are the roles

A

Histamine - vasodilation and cell permeability
Leukotrienes - margination (cells adhere to membrane)
Cytokines - attract phagocytes to area

34
Q

What is immediate vascular response to tissue damage

A

Vasoconstriction - 5-10 minutes.

Decreased blood flow, allows leukocytes to adhere to endothelium

35
Q

What are factors that impede healing

A
  • injury extent
  • edema
  • hemorrhage
  • poor vascular supply
  • separation of tissue
  • mm spasm
  • atrophy
  • corticosterouds
  • infection
  • health, age, nutrition
  • humidity, oxygen
36
Q

What are the 3 types of collagen and where are they found

A

1 - skin, fascia, bone, tendon, ligaments, cartilage
2 - hyaline cartilage, disc
3 - skin, nerves, BV, smooth mm, scar tissue

In remodeling phase - collagen fibers switch from Type 3 to Type 1

37
Q

What is fibrosis

A

Collagen synthesis is excessive. adhesions form in tissue, prevent gliding

38
Q

What are factors that impede bone healing?

A
  • poor blood supply
  • poor immobilization
  • infection
  • poor bone union

AT Exam (5 decks)

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