Pathology of Sport Injuries (9-10)

Question 1

Define Stiffness

Answer 1

tissue’s ability resist load

Question 2

Define Stress

Answer 2

Internal resistance of the tissues to an external load

Question 3

Define Strain

Answer 3

deformation of tissue due to load

Question 4

What is elasticity vs plasticity

Answer 4

Elasticity - ability of tissue to return to normal after deformation

Plasticity - deformation of tissue that exists after load is removed

Question 5

What is Creep

Answer 5

deformation of tissue when load is placed on over period of time

Question 6

In Bending loading - what side is stretched vs shortened?

Answer 6

Convex side is elongated (tensioned)

Concave side is shortened (compressed)

Question 7

Name the layers of muscle fibre

Answer 7

Myofibril
Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium

Question 8

What are 3 properties of tendons

Answer 8

• mechanical strength
• good flexibility
• elastic

Question 9

What are 3 causes of muscle cramps?

Answer 9

Overload
Muscle fatigue
Electrolyte/Fluid imbalance

Question 10

What happens when muscle fatigues?

What does it cause?

Answer 10

Increase muscle spindle activity
decrease GTO (inhibition of muscle)

causes reflex contraction

Question 11

Name 2 types of Muscle spasms

Answer 11

1. Clonic - alternating involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation
2. Tonic - rigid muscle contraction

Question 12

What are symptoms of DOMS?

Answer 12

increase mm tension
swelling
stiffness
resistant to stretch

Question 13

When is the breaking point of tendons reached?

Answer 13

At 6-8% increase of the length

Question 14

What are the 2 types of Myofascial Trigger Points?

Answer 14

1. Latent - not painful until pressed, restrict movt or cause mm weakness
2. Active - pressure causes jump sign, painful @ rest, referred pain pattern

Question 15

What are characteristics of a Synovial Joint?

Answer 15

1. hyaline or articular cartilage
2. Joint capsule
3. Synovial membrane
4. Synovial fluid
5. MechanoR - provide position of joint
6. Supported by ligaments for stability

Question 16

What is Diastasis

Answer 16

separation of 2 bones

Question 17

What are signs and symptoms of OA?

Answer 17

• pain w/ activity
• alleviated w/ rest
• stiffness improves w/ activity
• localized tenderness
• pain in morning
• crepitus

Question 18

How does bursitis occur?

Answer 18

Excessive movement or trauma around bursae causes irritation/inflammation. Bursa will produce large amount of synovial fluid, increasing pressure

Question 19

Name 3 spots that bursitis commonly occurs

Answer 19

subacromial
olecranon
prepatellar

Question 20

Name the 5 functions of bone

Answer 20

1. body support
2. organ protection
3. movement
4. calcium storage
5. form RBC

Question 21

What is Diaphysis?

Answer 21

main shaft of a long bone

Question 22

What is epiphysis

Answer 22

ends of long bones, made of cancellous (spongy bone), covered in hyaline cartilage

Question 23

What is Periosteum

What is medullar cavity

What is endosteum

Answer 23

Periosteum - covers long bones, has Sharpeys Fibres - penetrate bone

Medullary Cavity - hollow tube in long bone, contains yellow fatty marrow

Endosteum - lines medullary cavity

Question 24

What does bone growth require?

Answer 24

Osteoblasts, Calcification

epiphyseal growth plates

Question 25

At what age does bone loss exceed bone growth What is the condition called

Answer 25

Age 35-40 Osteoporosis

Question 26

What are some causes of stress fracture?

Answer 26

- over training - change to GRF - too much, too soon - over load

Question 27

What are S/S of stress fracture

Answer 27

- swelling, focal tenderness, pain | - pain is more intense at night

Question 28

What are 3 types of epiphyseal growth plate injuries

Answer 28

1. Injury to epiphyseal plate 2. Physis articular epiphyseal injury 3. Apophyseal injury - traction epiphysis (Severs disease, Osgood-Schlatters)

Question 29

What is osteochondrosis?

Answer 29

Degenerative changes in ossification centers of epiphyseal bones, during rapid growth in children

Question 30

What is apophysitis

Answer 30

Osteochondrosis at a tubercle or tuberosity

Question 31

How much does a nerve regenerate in a day

Answer 31

3-4 mm

Question 32

What are signs of Inflammatory Response

Answer 32

``` redness - rubor swelling - tumor loss of function pain - dolor increase temp - calor ```

Question 33

What are the 3 chemical mediators important in inflammation response. What are the roles

Answer 33

Histamine - vasodilation and cell permeability Leukotrienes - margination (cells adhere to membrane) Cytokines - attract phagocytes to area

Question 34

What is immediate vascular response to tissue damage

Answer 34

Vasoconstriction - 5-10 minutes. | Decreased blood flow, allows leukocytes to adhere to endothelium

Question 35

What are factors that impede healing

Answer 35

- injury extent - edema - hemorrhage - poor vascular supply - separation of tissue - mm spasm - atrophy - corticosterouds - infection - health, age, nutrition - humidity, oxygen

Question 36

What are the 3 types of collagen and where are they found

Answer 36

1 - skin, fascia, bone, tendon, ligaments, cartilage 2 - hyaline cartilage, disc 3 - skin, nerves, BV, smooth mm, scar tissue In remodeling phase - collagen fibers switch from Type 3 to Type 1

Question 37

What is fibrosis

Answer 37

Collagen synthesis is excessive. adhesions form in tissue, prevent gliding

Question 38

What are factors that impede bone healing?

Answer 38

- poor blood supply - poor immobilization - infection - poor bone union