Pathology of Pulmonary Neoplasia Flashcards
What is the most common cause of death by cancer?
Lung Cancer
What are the Aetiologies for lung cancer?
Tobacco Asbestons Environmental Radon Other occupational exposure (chromates, hydrocarbons, Nickel) Air pollution and urban environment Other radiation Pulmonary firosis
How much of lung cancer is attritable to tobacco?
Over 85%
What percentage of smokers get lung cancer?
10%
What percentage of non-smoking lung cancers are caused by passive smoking?
At least 25%
Why does tobacco smoke cause lung cancer?
Epithelial effects Multi-hit theory in carcinogenesis Host activation of pro-carcinogens - Inherited polymorphisms predispose (metabolism of pro-carcinogens, nicotine addiction)
How does adenocarcinoma arise in the lung?
Bronchoalveolar epithelial stem cells transform
How does squamous cell carcinoma arise from?
Bronchial epithelial stem cells transform
Where about do you see adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma?
Adenocarcinoma - In the lung periphery Squamous cel carcinoma - Central lung airways
Which oncogene is activated by smoking?
KRAS
What are the other important oncogenes that give rise to lung cancer?
EGFR BRAF HER2 ALK rearrangements
What are the common tumours of the lung?
Carcinoid tumour (less than 5% of lung neoplasms, low grade malignancy) Benign causes of mass lesion Tumours of bronchial glands (VV RARE) (Includes adenoid cystic carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, benign adenomas) Lymphoma Sarcoma Metasteses to the lung are common
What are the 4 main types of lung cancer?
Squamous cell Adenocarcinoma Small cell carcinoma Large cell carcinoma
What is an adenocarcinoma in situ?
Bronchioalveolar cell carcinoma (subtype of adenocarcinoma)
What are carcinoid tumours?
A carcinoid tumour is a rare cancer of the neuroendocrine system – the body system that produces hormones. The tumour usually grows in the bowels or appendix, but it can also be found in the stomach, pancreas, lung, breast, kidney, ovaries or testicles. It tends to grow very slowly