Pathology of Oesophagus and Stomach

Question 1

what are causes of acute oesophagitis?

Answer 1

infection e.g. candidiasis, herpes. CMV

chemicals

Question 2

what are causes of chronic oesophagitis?

Answer 2

reflux disease

Crohn’s disease

Question 3

what is the change in epithelia in Barrett’s oesophagus?

Answer 3

stratified squamous –> columnar

this is metaplasia

Question 4

what kind of cancer is Barrett’s oesophagus associated to?

Answer 4

Adenocarcinoma

Question 5

what is eosinophilic oesophagitis?

Answer 5

allergic oesophagitis: allergic inflammatory condition that involves eosinophils (may have history of allergy). On endoscopy, oesophagus has concentric rings - which are associated with fibrosis, strictures

Question 6

what medications can be used to treat allergic oesophagitis?

Answer 6

steroids/ cromoglycate / montelukast (also diet modification)

Question 7

is squamous papilloma benign or malignant?

Answer 7

benign (HPV related)

Question 8

are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma benign or malignant?

Answer 8

malignant

commoner in males

Question 9

what are risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer 9

strong tea, smoking, alcohol, HPV, oesophagitis, genetic

Question 10

outline the pathophysiology of SCC?

Answer 10

normal, then inflammatory reactive epithelium, then epithelia acquires mutations, leading to dysplasia, then cancer development

Question 11

what are risk factors for adenocarcinoma?

Answer 11

obesity mainly, commoner in males, occurs lower in oesophagus (because it’s a result of GORD)

Question 12

outline pathophysiology of Adenocarcinoma?

Answer 12

GORD/ genetic factors/ other, leads to chronic reflux oesophagitis. leads to Barrett’s oesophagus, then dysplasia, then eventually adenocarcinoma

Question 13

what are risk factors for oral cancer?

Answer 13

tobacco, alcohol, HPV, chronic infections, genetics