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Clinical Respiratory > Pathology of Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, & Bronchioles (URT) > Flashcards

Pathology of Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, & Bronchioles (URT) Flashcards

1
Q

What are some overlapping clinical signs of rhinitis and neoplastic dz of the URT?

A
  • Uni/bilateral nasal d/c
  • Epistaxis
  • Sneezing
  • Air-flow obstruction
  • Facial Deformity
  • Encrustation of tears at medial canthus (secondary to obstruction of nasolacrimal duct)
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2
Q

What are the various types of rhinitis?

A
  • Serous
  • Catarrhal
  • Purulent
  • Fibrinous/fibrino-necrotic
  • Granulomatous
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3
Q

Infectious Rhinitis follows upset in…

A

normal nasal microbial flora

AKA Dysbiosis

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4
Q

Describe serous exudate

A

Clear, thin, few cells
Produced by serous glands in submucosa

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5
Q

What causes serous exudate?

A
  • Mild irritants/cold air
  • Early viral infections
  • Mild allergic rxns
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6
Q

Describe catarrhal exudate

A

Thick, viscous, abundant mucus
Tenacious, sticky

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7
Q

What is unique about catarrhal exudate compared w/ serous exudate?

A

It has increased goblet cell activity & submucosal glands

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7
Q

Describe purulent exudate

A

Thick, opaque
White, green, brown in colour

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8
Q

Fibrinous/Fibrinonecrotic inflammation

A

Necrosis of a well-vascularised epithelial surface

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9
Q

Fibronecrotic (diphtheritic) membrane

A

exudation of abundant plasma fibrinogen

Aspiration of exudate into lungs & no mucus escalator to remove

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10
Q

Granulomatous Rhinitis

A

infiltration of mucosa/submucosa by macrophage-rich inflammation

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11
Q

Granulomatous rhinitis occurs in response to…

A
  • Fungi
  • Foreign material
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12
Q

What are some adverse sequelae of rhinitis?

A
  • Pneumonia
  • Sinusitis
  • Miningitis
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13
Q

What are some specific conditions originating as rhinitis?

A
  • Porcine atrophic rhinitis
  • Progressive Ethmoid Haematoma
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14
Q

The majority of tumours of the URT are…

A

Malignant

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15
Q

Primary tumours of the URT are of what types of tissues?

A
  • Epithelium/glands
  • Mesenchymal tissue
  • Lymphoid tissue
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16
Q

Sinusitis and rhinitis often follow…

A

*Periodontitis
*Dehorning
*Haematogenous spread

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17
Q

What are some sequelae of sinusitis?

A

*facial deformity
*meningitis

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18
Q

What is a sinus mucocoele and in what condition does it occur?

A

Retention of normal seromucinous secretion that blocks drainage.

Occurs w/ sinusitis

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19
Q

What is a sinus pyocoele and when does it occur?

A

AKA empyema
Purulent exudate in an enclosed activity

Occurs in the sinuses if a secondary bacterial infection is present

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20
Q

What important structures are near the guttural pouch?

A

*Pharyngeal branch of the Vagus n. (X)
*Pharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal n. (IX)
*Internal carotid a.
*Hypoglossal n. (XII)
*External carotid a.
*Facial n. (VII)

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21
Q

How does aspergillus get into the guttural pouch?

A

Aspergillus spores are inhaled from moldy hay/straw

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22
Q

Aspergillus spores can lead to

A

diphtheritic plaques on the dorsal & medial pouch mucosa

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23
Q

Vasculitis within the guttural pouch can lead to…

A

epistaxis

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24
Q

Neuritis/neuropathy of the glossopharyngeal & vagus nerves can lead to…

A

pharyngeal paralysis/dysphagia

25
Q

Neuritis/neuropathy of fibres of recurrent laryngeal n. while still w/i parent vagus n. can lead to…

A

laryngeal hemiplegia/’roaring’

26
Q

Guttural pouch mycoses can lead to what?

A

an empyema within the pouch

27
Q

Any obstruction of the rima glottidis can lead to…

A

possible respiratory distress & noise at rest or after exercise

28
Q

Laryngeal obstruction can lead to…

A

sudden death

29
Q

What occurs with laryngeal edema?

A

Mucosa thickens leading to obstruction of the lumen

30
Q

laryngeal edema can result from…

A

trauma, local inflammation, smoke inhalation, some allergic rxns

31
Q

Describe how laryngeal hemiplegia in horses causes roaring.

A

Neurogenic of atrophy of the left cricoarytenoideus causes the left arytenoid cartilage & vocal fold flop into the lumen on inspiration causing roaring on inspiration during exercise due to the obstruction of airflow & abnormal vibration of vocal cords

32
Q

Laryngeal hemiplegia can have idiopathic degeneration of large myelinated fibres of the laryngeal nerve. This is known as what medical term?

A

Neuropathy

33
Q

Why are the axons of the LRL n. more susceptible to injury?

A

*Size and conformation of the horse can stretch/damage the n. b/c constrained around the aortic arch
*compression of LR laryngeal n. due to enlarged & inflamed retropharyngeal LN
*damage to nerve secondary to guttural pouch mycosis

34
Q

Axons of the LRL nerve are longer than that of the RRL n. and are more common in

A

males & animals >16 hands

35
Q

What breeds/species & sex are affected by laryngeal chondritis?

A

*Thoroughbred horses
*Belgian Blue cattle
*Texel sheep

*Typically young males affected

36
Q

What is the etiology of laryngeal chondritis?

A

*trauma
*conformation

37
Q

During laryngeal chondritis, the mucosa swells & may even contain…

A

necrotic sinus tracts

38
Q

Tracheal hypoplasia is commonly seen in what breed?

A

Young bulldogs as part of BOAS

39
Q

What occurs during tracheal hypoplasia?

A

*The tracheal luminal cross-sectional area is decreased
*cartilaginous rings overlap

40
Q

Why do cartilaginous rings overlap in tracheal hypoplasia?

A

High negative pressures are created by increased respiratory efforts as the frictional resistance to air flow in the URT is large in bulldogs

41
Q

What breeds/species/age are most commonly affected by collapsing trachea?

A

*Middle-ages small breeds
*Yorkies, Pomeranians, Poodles
*Shetland Ponies

42
Q

Describe collapsing trachea.

A

Tracheal rings become less rigid and collapse with the stretching of the dorsalis m.

43
Q

What is tracheal stenosis and in what condition does it occur?

A

*Progressive, chronic ‘goose honk’-type cough

*Occurs in collapsing trachea

44
Q

What type of inflammation is tracheitis?

A

fibrinonecrotic/diphtheritic Inflammation

45
Q

Tracheitis can further be divided into…

A

inflammation of multiple locations of the trachea and surrounding regions

Aka tracheobronchitis, laryngotracheitis, rhinotracheitis

46
Q

What occurs in tracheitis?

A

Viral damages ciliated epithelium causing local swelling & stenosis. This leads to aspiration of debris, and secondary bacterial infection

47
Q

What causes bronchitis/bronchiolitis?

A

it is a reaction to injury similar to nasal/tracheal mucosa

48
Q

Bronchitis/Bronchiolitis results in…

A

*Cough
*wheezing due to airway obstruction
*impairment of lung defenses

49
Q

Airway obstruction in bronchitis/bronchiolitis is notable in diffuse bronchiolitis & causes…

A

*increased expiratory effort/
dyspnea

50
Q

Airway obstruction in diffuse bronchiolitis is exacerbated by

A

the slight collapse in cross-sectional area during expiration

51
Q

Bronchitis/bronchiolitis is classified based on…

A

exudate involved
*catarrhal
*purulent
*fibrinous
*fibrino-necrotic
*granulomatous

52
Q

What are some viral etiologies of bronchitis/bronchiolitis?

A

*Horses - Rhino, influenza, herpes
*cattle - IBR
*pigs - influenza
*dogs - Kennel C (CDV< PI-2, CAV-2, CHV)

53
Q

What bacterial, parasitic, and allergic etiologies of bronchitis/bronchiolitis exist?

A

*Bacterial: Bordetella sp.
*Parasitic: Dictyocaulus sp., Oslerus osleri
*Allergic: equine/feline asthma

54
Q

What changes occur when bronchitis/bronchiolitis becomes chronic?

A

*Mucus metaplasia (goblet cell hyperplasia)
*squamous metaplasia
*bronchiolitis obliterans
*bronchiectasis
*bronchostenosis

55
Q

What specific conditions affect the bronchi/bronchioles?

A

*Chronic bronchitis in dogs
*feline asthma

56
Q

What breeds/age are affected by chronic bronchitis in dogs?

A

*older, obese small & toy breeds

57
Q

Chronic bronchitis in dogs may be related to…

A

*concurrent chronic LSHF
*thicker than normal mucus blanket
*atelectasis

58
Q

Feline asthma is caused by…

A

bronchitis & reversible airway hyperreactivity

59
Q

Feline asthma often has…

A

recurrent bouts of cough & wheezing

60
Q

Feline asthma has what type of hypersensitivity response? What does it react to?

A

type 1 in response to inhaled allergens

61
Q

Feline asthma on radiographs has what pattern?

A

bronchial pattern showing thickening of bronchial-bronchiolar walls which looks like ring-like radiopacities (‘doughnuts’)

Clinical Respiratory (7 decks)

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