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Veterinary Systemic Pathology > Pathology of Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Pathology of Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Failure of closure of fetal cardiovascular shunts

A

✓ patent ductus arteriosus
✓ atrial septal defect
✓ ventricular septal defect
✓ tetrad of fallot

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2
Q

Etiologies of congenital cardiovascular anomalies;

A
  1. Failure of closure of fetal cardiovascular shunts
  2. Failure of Normal Valvular Development
  3. Malpositioning of Great Vessels
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3
Q

Failure of Normal Valvular Development;

A

✓ pulmonic stenosis
✓ subaortic stenosis
✓ endocardial cushion defects
✓ mitral and tricuspid malformations in cats

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4
Q

Malpositioning of Great Vessels

A

✓ persistent right aortic arch
✓ transposition of aorta and pulmonary artery

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5
Q

Specific Congenital Anomalies;

A
  1. Patent ductus arteriosis
  2. Persistent right aortic arch
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6
Q

if PA- aorta shunt remains open, shunting usually occurs from left to right with resultant pulmonary hypertension. Inherited among POODLES, COLLIES, POMERANIANS

  • Failure of the ducts arteriosis to close by 3 weeks- normally forms ligamentum arteriosum
A

Patent ductus arteriosis

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7
Q

A right aorta, instead of the normal left arches over the origin of the right bronchus.

A

Persistent Right Aortic Arch

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8
Q

(persistent foramen ovale) left to right shunting of blood (of clinical significance)

A

atrial septal defects

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9
Q

Sites of the Major Cardiovascular Anomalies of the DOG.

A

AS- Aortic Stenosis
ASD- Atrial Septal Defect
PDA- Patent Ductus Arteriosis
PS- Pulmonic Stenosis
VSD- Ventricular Septal defect

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10
Q

Subvalvular lesions are often more common. Irregular bands or ridge of fibrous tissue stretch across the subaortic endocardium

A

Aortic and Subaortic Stenosis

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11
Q

May occur at the valve site with or without supra or subvalvular constriction. Leads to right ventricular hypertrophy. Most common in dogs; BULLDOGS, CHIHUAHUA, TERRIER TYPES

A

Pulmonary Stenosis

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12
Q

Transposition Defects;

A

✓ Aorta and Pulmonary Artery leaving the right ventricle
✓ Aorta may straddle a septal defect and receive blood from both ventricles
✓ Eisenmengers Complex
✓ Tetralogy of Fallot

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13
Q

whereby the aorta is dextroposed; there is a VSD, right ventricular hypertrophy

A

Eisenmenger’s complex

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14
Q

has the same defects as Einsenmenger’s complex except with the additional pulmonary stenosis

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

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15
Q

presternally or intrabdominally located heart. Common in CATTLE and PIGS.

A

Ectopia Cordis

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16
Q
  • Diffuse fibroelastic thickening of the left ventricular endocardium; necrosis and calcification of the adjacent myocardium.
  • AV valves and chordae tendinae may be thickened
  • Congenital form usually regarded as primary (BURMESE KITTEN). Secondary endocardial fibrosis may occur in mature animals
A

Endocardial Fibroelastosis

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17
Q

Hematocyst on the margins of the AV valves may be seen in calves

A

Congenital hematomas

18
Q

Blood squirting produce valvular incompetence “jet lesions” and right atrial dilatation. May occur singly or in association with other defects such as transposition defects.

A

Ventricular Septal Defect

19
Q

Pathology (Ventricular Septal Defect)

A
  1. Right ventricular hypertrophy
  2. Pulmonary hypertension and edema
20
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot (Tetrad of Fallot)
(mnemonic acronym: ITPR)
Component Defects

A
  1. Interventricular septal defect
  2. Transposition of the aorta
  3. Pulmonic stenosis
  4. Right ventricular hypertrophy
21
Q

Eisenmenger’s Complex (similar with Tetrad of Fallot except no pulmonic stenosis). Component Defects;

A
  1. Interventricular septal defect
  2. Transposition of aorta
  3. Right Ventricular hypertrophy
22
Q

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
Right Sided Heart Failure
Causes;

A
  1. Myocardial degeneration
  2. Myocarditis
  3. Cardiomyopathies
  4. Congenital abnormalities
  5. Cor pulmonale
  6. Hydropericardium
  7. Pericarditis
  8. Failure of left side of the heart
23
Q

Congenital abnormalities

A

✓ Pulmonic valve stenosis
✓ Tricuspid valve insufficiency
✓ Interventricular septal defect

24
Q

edema due to increased venous pressure as;

A

✓ dependent edema in horse
✓ ascites in dog
✓ hydrothorax in cat

25
Q

Left Congestive Cardiac Failure
Causes;

A
  1. myocardial degeneration
  2. myocarditis
  3. cardiomyopathies
  4. congenital abnormalities
26
Q

Congenital abnormalities (left congestive cardiac failure)

A

✓ aortic valve stenosis
✓ bicuspid valve insufficiency
✓ patent ductus arteriosis

27
Q

Associated Pathology of Damming back of blood in the lungs

A
  1. pulmonary hypertension
  2. cyanosis due to impaired gaseous exchange and diminished cardiac output
  3. coughing and dyspnea
  4. peripheral circulatory failure
28
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension leading to;

A

✓ alveolar edema
✓ interstitial edema
✓ hemosiderosis of lungs
✓ right sided heart failure due to back pressure on pulmonary arterial circulation

29
Q

am important age-related cardiac disease of dogs

A

valvular endocardiosis

30
Q

other name of valvular endocardiosis

A

valvular fibrosis and myxomatous or mucoid degeneration

31
Q

Valvular fibrosis and myxomatous or mucoid degeneration

A
  • most common cause of congestive heart failure in old dogs
  • more frequent on the mitral that tricuspid valves
32
Q
  • usually a bacterial infection.
  • lesions are large and generally present on valves
  • grossly, affected valves have large, adhering, friable, yellow to gray masses termed “vegetations” occluding valvular orifices
A

Endocarditis

33
Q

Chronic: Irregular nodular masses termed.

A

“verrucae” (wartlike lesions)

34
Q

a distinctive lesion common affecting left atrium associated with acute renal insufficiency in dogs

A

Ulcerative Endocarditis

35
Q

MYOCARDIAL DISEASES;
Myocardial hypertrophy
2 Anatomic Forms:

A
  1. Eccentric Hypertrophy
  2. Concentric Hypertrophy
36
Q

enlarged cardiac chambers with normal to decreased wall thickness. Produced by lesions with increased blood volume (i.e valvular insufficiency and septal defects)

A

Eccentric Hypertrophy

37
Q

Char. by small cardiac chambers with thick walls. Results from lesions with increased pressure load such as valvular stenosis, systemic hypertension and pulmonary disease.

A

Concentric Hypertrophy

38
Q

Three stages of myocardial hypertrophy

A
  1. initiation
  2. stable hyperfunction
  3. deterioration of function associated with degeneration of hypertrophied muscle
39
Q

maybe be single or multiple lesion mineralization will occur with Vit. D toxicosis.

A

Endocardial mineralization and endocardial fibrosis

40
Q

Fibrosis with or without mineralization will occur in heart chronically dilated with?

A

Johne’s disease “jet lesions”

41
Q

Vit. D toxicosis and carcinogenic plants containing

A

Vit. D analogs (cestrum diurnum, Tristetum flavescens, Solanum torvum)

Veterinary Systemic Pathology (1 decks)

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