Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CANCER (YR 2) > Pathology of Cancer > Flashcards

Pathology of Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Define ‘neoplasm’.

A

A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth
of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of
the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive
manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked
the change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

-oma is the nomenclature for…?

A

Benign neoplasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a benign cartilaginous tumour named?

A

Chrondroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a fibroma?

A

Fibrous tumour (benign)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a benign bone tumour named?

A

Osteoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an adenoma?

A

Tumour forming glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a benign tumour with finger-like projections named?

A

Papilloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a papillary cystadenoma?

A

Papillary and cystic tumor forming glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a polyp?

A

A tumour that projects above a mucosal surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are sarcomas? Give three examples.

A

Mesenchymal tumours e.g. chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, osteosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are carcinomas? Give three examples.

A

(Malignant) Epithelial tumours that can arise from ectoderm, mesoderm or endoderm, e.g. adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an adenocarcinma?

A

Gland forming tumour (malignant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Squamous differentiation (malignant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a malignant cartilaginous tumour called?

A

Chrondrosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a malignant fibrous tumour called?

A

Fibrosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an osteosarcoma?

A

Malignant bone tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is meant by a well differentiated neoplasm?

A

Resembles mature cells of tissue of origin and correlated with biologic behaviour
E.g. with benign tumours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is meant by a poorly differentiated neoplasm?

A

Composed of primitive cells with little differentiation - usually have a worse prognosis (and are malignant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is an anaplastic tumour?

A

Undifferentiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What cells is a leiomyoma from? Is it benign or malignant?

A

Smooth muscle cells

Benign

21
Q

What is a keratin pearl? When is it seen?

A

A hallmark of well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma is that the nests of invading cells still attempt to make keratin which then gets deposited in the centre of the nests, resulting in a keratin “pearl”.

22
Q

What are two characteristics of well differentiated squamous cell carcinomas?

A

Still make visible intercellular bridges

Keratin pearls

23
Q

Name two tumours with mixed differentiation.

A

Pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland

Carcinosarcoma

24
Q

What is a teratoma?

What is the most common one?

A

Tumour comprised of cells from more than one germ layer. They arise from totipotent cells (usually gonads). The most common one is benign cystic teratoma of ovary.

25
Q

Aberrant differentiation (not true neoplasms) - give two examples.

A

Hamartoma (disorganized mass of tissue whose cell types are indigenous to the site of the lesion)
Choriostoma (ectopic focus of normal tissue/heterotopia)

26
Q

What is meant by ‘misnomer’?

A

From nomenclature you would think they are benign, but they are infact malignant.

27
Q

What is a hepatoma?

A

Malignant liver tumour

28
Q

What are…
Melanoma?
Seminoma?
Lymphoma?

A

Malignant skin tumour
Malignant testicular tumour
Malignant tumour of lymphocytes

29
Q

State the four stages of the natural history of malignant tumours.

A

Malignant change in the target cell (transformation/carcinogenesis)
Growth of the transformed cells
Local invasion
Distant metastases

30
Q

What are the features of anaplasia? (7)

A
  1. Pleomorphism – size, shape, abnormal nuclear morphology
  2. Hyperchromasia
  3. High nuclear cytoplasmic ratio
  4. Chromatin clumping
  5. Prominent nucleoli
  6. Mitoses - mitotic rate, location of mitoses
  7. Loss of polarity
31
Q

What does dysplasia mean?

A

Abnormal growth, with some but not all of the features of malignancy present. It may develop into malignancy e.g. with uterine cervix, or colon polyps. It is graded as low-grade or high-grade.

32
Q

What influences the tumour growth rate? (3)

A

Doubling time of tumour cells
Fraction of tumour cells in replicative pool (tumour stem cells, may only be 20% even in rapidly growing tumours)
Rate at which tumour cells are shed or lost by apoptosis or maturation

33
Q 
The doubling time of tumour cells \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as tumour grows.
30 doublings (10 to the nine cells) = how many grams? How many grams is a lethal burden?
A

Lengthens
1g (smallest clinically detectable mass)
1kg

34
Q

Explain tumour growth and the proliferative/non-proliferative pool.

A

There area two major pools – the proliferative and the non-proliferative pools. Some of the transformed cells die, some may become quiescent (G0) and some differentiate. This adds to the non-proliferative pool.

35
Q

Compare the rate of growth of benign vs malignant tumours.

A

Benign - progressive but slow. Mitoses few and normal.

Malignant - variable. Mitoses more frequent and may be abnormal.

36
Q

Compare the differentiation of benign vs malignant tumours.

A

Benign – well differentiated.

Malignant – some degree of anaplasia.

37
Q

Compare the local invasion of benign vs malignant tumours.

A

Benign – cohesive growth. Capsule and basement membrane not breached.
Malignant – poorly cohesive and infiltrative.

38
Q

Compare the metastasis of benign vs malignant tumours.

A

Benign – absent

Malignant – may occur

39
Q

Metastasis is an unequivocal sign of __________. There is seeding of body cavities. It may be ________ or _________.

A

Malignancy
Lymphatic
Haematogenous

40
Q

Why is nodal metastasis significant?

A

Prognostic – number of involved nodes is an important component of the TNM staging system
Therapeutic – adjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the incidence of recurrence and metastasis. The risk of recurrence is determined by the extent of nodal involvement and the histologic grade.

41
Q

Give three examples of tumour-host interactions.

A

Local invasion
Distant metastasis
Paraneoplastic syndrome

42
Q

What is paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Clinical syndromes involving non-metastatic systemic effects that accompany malignant disease

43
Q

What is paraneoplastic syndrome mediated through? (4)

A

Cross-reacting antibodies
Production of physiologically active factors
Interference with normal metabolic pathways
Idiopathic

44
Q

How are paraneoplastic syndromes classified? (4)

A

Endocrine
Neurological
Mucocutaneous
Haematological

45
Q

Give examples of endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes.

A

Hormone secreting tumours - Cushing’s, hyper/hypoglycaemia

46
Q

Give an example of a neurological paraneoplastic syndrome.

A

Immune mediated - Lambert-Eaton myastenic syndrome

47
Q

Give two examples of mucocutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes.

A

Acanthosis nigricans

Dermatomyositis

48
Q

Give an example of a haematological paraneoplastic syndrome.

A

Granulocytosis

CANCER (YR 2) (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions