Lipoma is? Most common in?

Benign tumor of adipose tissue _Lipo_= fat Most common benign soft tissue tumor in adults

Pathology of Benign and Malignant Lumps Flashcards by Rosie Perrot

Definition of Hemangioma ?
- common site

Abnormal proliferation of blood vessels
- Increased numbers of normal blood vessels filled with blood
  - head and neck is a common site

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Strawberry hemangioma affects who?
How does it grow and regress?

Benign capillary hemangioma of infancy
- appears in first few weeks of life
Grows rapidly
Regress spontaneously
- by 5-8 years old

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Appearance of cavernous hemangioma?
- can involve?
Does it regress?

Appearance:
- large, dilated vascular channels
  - large cavernous blood filled vascular spaces
- can involve deep structures
NO tendency to regress

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What is pyogenic granuloma?
Where is it found?
- what is it associated with?

Polypoid (tumor on a stalk) lobulated capillary hemangioma (benign)
- can ulcerate and bleed
Found on:
- skin, gingiva or oral mucosa
Associated with:
- trauma
- pregnancy

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How can lymphangiomas be differentiated from hemangioma?

absence of RBC

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What is cystic hygroma?
- What is it associated with?

Cystic Hygroma:
- cavernous lymphangioma (increase lymphatic space)
  - always in head or neck
Associated with:
- Turner’s Syndrome (Monosomy X)

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What muscle type does Glomus tumor arise from?
Where is it commonly found?

Benign, painful, red-blue tumor
Arises from:
- modified smooth muscle cells of the thermoregulatory glomus body
Found:
- commonly under fingernails

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How is Nevus Flammeus described?
- aka?
Associated with?

Benign flat lesion on head and neck (birthmark)
- a congenital vascular malformation involving mature capillaries, present at birth.
  - Port wine stain
Associated with:
- Sturge-Weber syndrome

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Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is also know as Osler-Weber- Rendu syndrome?
- inherited disorder of?
- findings?

Inherited disorder of blood vessels (abnormal blood vessel formation)
- autosomal dominant
Findings:
- branching skin lesions (telangiectasias)
- recurrent epitaxis (nose bleed)
- skin discolorations
- GI bleeding
- hematuria

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Bacillary angiomatosis is?
- Found in who?
Caused by?
Frequently mistaken for/ distinguished by?

Benign capillary skin papule
- Found in AIDs patients
Caused by:
- Bartonella henselae infections
  - opportunistic infection
Frequently mistaken with:
- Kaposi sarcoma
  - BUT has nuetrophilic infiltrate

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What is seen microscopically in Bacillary Angiomatosis?

Is a vascular proliferation

Granulomatous inflammation
Neutrophils

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Lipoma is?
Most common in?

Benign tumor of adipose tissue
- Lipo= fat
Most common benign soft tissue tumor in adults

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Nodular Fasciitis is what kind of proliferation?
What does it look like microscopically?

Benign soft tissue lesion most common in upper fascia
- reactive proliferation of fibroblasts
- unknown etiology
Microscopically
- plump, randomly oriented spindle cells
- surrounded by myxoid stroma
- lots of mitotic activity
- extravasated (leaked out) RBC

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What is myositis ossificans?
- occurs after?
Most often seen where on the body?
How does it present?

Heterotropic ossification (presence of bone in soft tissue where bone does NOT exists) of skeletal muscle
- following muscular trauma
Most often seen in:
- upper or lower extremity
May present as:
- suspicious “mass” at site of known trauma
- or as incidental finding on radiography

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What is osteoma?
Where does it most commonly arise on?
What does it associate with?

Benign tumor of bone
Most commonly arise on:
- surface of facial bones
Assocaited with:
- Garnder syndrome

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What is leiomyoma?
- where is it commonly found?
Microscopically see?

Benign tumor of smooth muscle

Often arises in:

uterus of women
skin
muscularis of gut

Microscopically

whorled pattern of smooth muscle cells
- well demarcated borders

What is Baker cyst?
Commonly communicates with?
Related to?

Baker cyst:
- popliteal fluid collection in gastrocnemius-semimembranous bursa in knee
  - herniation of synovium through a join capsule
Commonly communicate with:
- synovial space
Related to:
- chronic joint disease

Tenosynovial Giant Cell tumor is associated with which translocation?
- what is overexpressed?
- result?
Where does it commonly affect?

Chromosomal translocation t(1;2)
- M-CSF overexpressed
- tumor infiltrated with lots of macrophages
  - macrophage may coalesce into multinucleated giant cells
Diffuse type:
- knee (80%)
- painful
Localized type
- tendon sheaths along wrist and fingers
- slow growing, painless

Definitions of/ from what tissues:

Carcin-
Adenocarcin-
Sarc-

Carcin-
- epithelial cell origin
- derived from any of the three germ layers
Adenocarcin-
- epithelial cells with glandular growth
Sarc-
- fleshy mesenchymal tissue

Sarcoma is?

Tumors arising in solid/mesenchymal tissues

As a general rule:

Sarcomas are usually positive for?
Carcinomas are usually positive for?

Sarcomas positive for vimentin
Carcinomas positive for pan-cytokeratin

Liposarcoma?
Most common in?
Characteristic cell?

Malignant tumor of adipose tissue
- Lipo= fat; sarcoma= malignant mesenchymal tumor
Most commom malignant soft tissue tomor in adults
- 50-60
Lipoblast is characteristic cell type

Fibromatosis refers to?
- what 3 characteristics do they have in common?

refers to:
- a group of benign soft tissue tumors which have certain characteristics in common, including:
  1. proliferation of well-differentiated fibroblasts
  2. an infiltrative growth pattern
  3. aggressive clinical behavior with frequent local recurrence.
fibrous overgrowths of dermal and subcutaneous connective tissue develop tumours called fibromas.
- These fibromas are usually benign (non-cancerous).

Fibrosarcoma is?
Where can it occur?

Malignant tumor of fibroblasts
Can occur anywhere in the body
- deep soft tissue

Rhabdomyoma is?

* Benign tumor of skeletal muscle

* Rhabdomyosarcoma is? * Most common in? * What is characteristic cell? * Where on the body is it most common?

* Malignant (aggressive) tumor of skeletal muscle * most common malignant soft tissue tumor in **children** * **Rhabdomyoblast** is the characteristic cell * **desmin positive** * Common site is head and neck * **vagina** is classic site in young girl (5 yrs)

* Leiomyosarcoma is? * Who does it typically effect? * Where does it tend to metastisize?

* Malignant tumor of **smooth muscle** * Affects adults and women more frequently * Metastatic spread especially to **lungs**

Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (von Recklinghausen disease): * Disorder? * Characterized by? * Mutation in what gene? * Penetrance and expressivity?

* malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor * _Characterized by_: * **cafe-au-lait spots** * cutaneous neurofibromas * optic gliomas * pheochromocytomas * **Lisch nodues** (pigmented nodules on iris) * Caused by mutations in the ***NF1*** gene on chromosome 17 * **RAS** is trapped in the active state High penetrance but variable expressivity

Neurofibromatosis Type 2: * result in what kind of tumors? * Mutation? * gene product?

* _Result in range of tumors, findings include:_ * bilateral acoustic Schwannomas * multiple meningiomas * Gliomas * ependymomas of spinal cord * juvenile cataracts * Mutation in **NF2 gene on chromosome 22** * ****product is merlin, cytoskeleton protein that regulate membrane receptor signaling

What are 4 associated syndromes of Rhabdomyosarcoma?

1. **Li-Fraumeni** * TP53 gene mutation 2. **Beckwith-Weidemann** * Uniparental Disomy in 11p15 3. **Neurofibromatosis** * NF1 gene mutation 4. **Gorlin syndrome** * PTCH gene mutation skeletal muscle neoplasm

* Kaposi sarcoma is a malignancy of? * Caused by? * Presents with? * Associated with/ 3 Typical patients ? * Commonly mistaken for? * how to differentiate?

* low grade malignant proliferation of **endothelial** cells * due to dysregulation of VEGF * _****characterized by:_ * Purple patches, plaques and nodules on skin; * can also involve visceral organs (GI) * _Caused by:_ * **HHV-8 Infection** * _Associated with:_ * HIV * Older European males * Transplant Patient * _Mistaken for:_ * * Bacillary angiomatosis (neutrophilic infiltrate) * Kaposi has **lymphocytic** infiltrate

What is a KS flare?

* Kaposi sarcoma (KS) flare may occur following therapy with *corticosteroids* * as part of the **immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome** seen with highly active antiretroviral therapy (**HAART**), and after **rituximab** therapy * The exact mechanism responsible for iatrogenic KS flare is unclear.

* What is the mechanism of p53 in apoptosis? * What happens if DNA repair fails? * If it succeeds?

* DNA damage or hypoxia causes **phosphorylation** of p53 by ATM/ATR kinases * this releases p53 from **MDM2** * p53 activates **CDK inhibitor** p21 * cell cycle arrest in G1 * p53 cell apoptosis or senescence results if:* * DNA repair _fails_ * p53 ubiquination and degredation in proteosome if:* * DNA repair _succeeds_

* Li-Fraumeni syndrome has abnormalities in which gene? * increases risk for? * associated with which malignancies? * Inheritance pattern?

* Abnormalities in ***TP53*** * multiple malignancies at an early age * Also know as **SBLA** cancer syndrome * sarcoma, breast, leukemia, adrenal gland _Inheritance_: * autosomal dominant

* Angiosarcoma is what kind of proliferation? * Common sites? * Associated with exposure to?

* Malignant proliferation of endothelial cells (that line blood vessels) * highly **aggressive** * _Common sites:_ * skin, breast and liver * _Associated with exposure to:_ * **Polyvinal Chloride (PVC),** arsenic and Thorotrast