Pathology of Benign and Malignant Lumps Flashcards
1
Q
- Definition of Hemangioma ?
- common site
A
- Abnormal proliferation of blood vessels
- Increased numbers of normal blood vessels filled with blood
- head and neck is a common site
- Increased numbers of normal blood vessels filled with blood
2
Q
- Strawberry hemangioma affects who?
- How does it grow and regress?
A
-
Benign capillary hemangioma of infancy
- appears in first few weeks of life
- Grows rapidly
- Regress spontaneously
- by 5-8 years old
3
Q
- Appearance of cavernous hemangioma?
- can involve?
- Does it regress?
A
-
Appearance:
- large, dilated vascular channels
- large cavernous blood filled vascular spaces
- can involve deep structures
- large, dilated vascular channels
- NO tendency to regress
4
Q
- What is pyogenic granuloma?
- Where is it found?
- what is it associated with?
A
-
Polypoid (tumor on a stalk) lobulated capillary hemangioma (benign)
- can ulcerate and bleed
-
Found on:
- skin, gingiva or oral mucosa
-
Associated with:
- trauma
- pregnancy
5
Q
How can lymphangiomas be differentiated from hemangioma?
A
absence of RBC
6
Q
- What is cystic hygroma?
- What is it associated with?
A
- Cystic Hygroma:
- cavernous lymphangioma (increase lymphatic space)
- always in head or neck
- cavernous lymphangioma (increase lymphatic space)
-
Associated with:
- Turner’s Syndrome (Monosomy X)
7
Q
- What muscle type does Glomus tumor arise from?
- Where is it commonly found?
A
- Benign, painful, red-blue tumor
-
Arises from:
- modified smooth muscle cells of the thermoregulatory glomus body
-
Found:
- commonly under fingernails
8
Q
- How is Nevus Flammeus described?
- aka?
- Associated with?
A
- Benign flat lesion on head and neck (birthmark)
- a congenital vascular malformation involving mature capillaries, present at birth.
- Port wine stain
- a congenital vascular malformation involving mature capillaries, present at birth.
-
Associated with:
- Sturge-Weber syndrome
9
Q
- Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is also know as Osler-Weber- Rendu syndrome?
- inherited disorder of?
- findings?
A
- Inherited disorder of blood vessels (abnormal blood vessel formation)
- autosomal dominant
-
Findings:
- branching skin lesions (telangiectasias)
- recurrent epitaxis (nose bleed)
- skin discolorations
- GI bleeding
- hematuria
10
Q
- Bacillary angiomatosis is?
- Found in who?
- Caused by?
- Frequently mistaken for/ distinguished by?
A
- Benign capillary skin papule
- Found in AIDs patients
-
Caused by:
-
Bartonella henselae infections
- opportunistic infection
-
Bartonella henselae infections
-
Frequently mistaken with:
- Kaposi sarcoma
- BUT has nuetrophilic infiltrate
- Kaposi sarcoma
11
Q
What is seen microscopically in Bacillary Angiomatosis?
A
Is a vascular proliferation
- Granulomatous inflammation
- Neutrophils
12
Q
- Lipoma is?
- Most common in?
A
- Benign tumor of adipose tissue
- Lipo= fat
- Most common benign soft tissue tumor in adults
13
Q
- Nodular Fasciitis is what kind of proliferation?
- What does it look like microscopically?
A
- Benign soft tissue lesion most common in upper fascia
- reactive proliferation of fibroblasts
- unknown etiology
-
Microscopically
- plump, randomly oriented spindle cells
- surrounded by myxoid stroma
- lots of mitotic activity
- extravasated (leaked out) RBC
14
Q
- What is myositis ossificans?
- occurs after?
- Most often seen where on the body?
- How does it present?
A
-
Heterotropic ossification (presence of bone in soft tissue where bone does NOT exists) of skeletal muscle
- following muscular trauma
-
Most often seen in:
- upper or lower extremity
-
May present as:
- suspicious “mass” at site of known trauma
- or as incidental finding on radiography
15
Q
- What is osteoma?
- Where does it most commonly arise on?
- What does it associate with?
A
- Benign tumor of bone
- Most commonly arise on:
- surface of facial bones
- Assocaited with:
- Garnder syndrome
16
Q
- What is leiomyoma?
- where is it commonly found?
- Microscopically see?
A
Benign tumor of smooth muscle
Often arises in:
- uterus of women
- skin
- muscularis of gut
Microscopically
- whorled pattern of smooth muscle cells
- well demarcated borders
17
Q
- What is Baker cyst?
- Commonly communicates with?
- Related to?
A
-
Baker cyst:
-
popliteal fluid collection in gastrocnemius-semimembranous bursa in knee
- herniation of synovium through a join capsule
-
popliteal fluid collection in gastrocnemius-semimembranous bursa in knee
-
Commonly communicate with:
- synovial space
-
Related to:
- chronic joint disease
18
Q
- Tenosynovial Giant Cell tumor is associated with which translocation?
- what is overexpressed?
- result?
- Where does it commonly affect?
A
- Chromosomal translocation t(1;2)
- M-CSF overexpressed
- tumor infiltrated with lots of macrophages
- macrophage may coalesce into multinucleated giant cells
-
Diffuse type:
- knee (80%)
- painful
-
Localized type
- tendon sheaths along wrist and fingers
- slow growing, painless
28
Q
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (von Recklinghausen disease):
- Disorder?
- Characterized by?
- Mutation in what gene?
- Penetrance and expressivity?
A
- malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor
-
Characterized by:
- cafe-au-lait spots
- cutaneous neurofibromas
- optic gliomas
- pheochromocytomas
- Lisch nodues (pigmented nodules on iris)
- Caused by mutations in the NF1 gene on chromosome 17
- RAS is trapped in the active state
High penetrance but variable expressivity
32
Q
- Kaposi sarcoma is a malignancy of?
- Caused by?
- Presents with?
- Associated with/ 3 Typical patients ?
- Commonly mistaken for?
- how to differentiate?
A
- low grade malignant proliferation of endothelial cells
- due to dysregulation of VEGF
-
characterized by:
- Purple patches, plaques and nodules on skin;
- can also involve visceral organs (GI)
- Purple patches, plaques and nodules on skin;
-
Caused by:
- HHV-8 Infection
-
Associated with:
- HIV
- Older European males
- Transplant Patient
- Mistaken for:
- Bacillary angiomatosis (neutrophilic infiltrate)
- Kaposi has lymphocytic infiltrate
- Bacillary angiomatosis (neutrophilic infiltrate)
34
Q
- What is the mechanism of p53 in apoptosis?
- What happens if DNA repair fails?
- If it succeeds?
A
- DNA damage or hypoxia causes phosphorylation of p53 by ATM/ATR kinases
- this releases p53 from MDM2
- p53 activates CDK inhibitor p21
- cell cycle arrest in G1
- p53 cell apoptosis or senescence results if:*
- DNA repair fails
- p53 ubiquination and degredation in proteosome if:*
- DNA repair succeeds
