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Plant Resistance To Pests > Pathology - Midterm > Flashcards

Pathology - Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Types of disease resistance

A

Pathogen specificity
Quantative & Qualitative inheritance
Passive vs active resistance

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2
Q

Types of pathogens

A 
Fungi & Oomycetes
Bacteria
Viruses
Nematodes
Parasitic Plants
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3
Q

Biotrophic method of pathogenicity (def)

A

Lives off healthy cells

  • Must avoid detection by the host during early stages of compatible interactions
  • Must inhibit defense responses once established.
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4
Q

Hemibiotrophis method of pathogenicity (def)

A

Infect healthy cells early in the interaction, but grow and reproduce on dead tissue

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5
Q

Necrotrophic method of pathogenicity (def)

A

Kill cells and live off dead tissue. Produce toxins that may be host specific (even cultivar specific) or nonspecific

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6
Q

Specialists (types of pathogens def)

A

Narrow host range (single family or species)

Resistance qualitative and race-specific

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7
Q

Generalists (types of pathogens def)

A

Broad host range encompassing diverse families and genera

Resistance quantitative with no race-specificity

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8
Q

Non-host Resistance (types of pathogen resistance based on specificity def)

A

The entire plant species is resistant to a specific pathogen or parasite
-very common

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9
Q

Host (cultivar) resistance (types of pathogen resistance based on specificity def)

A

Some genotypes of the species are resistant, some are not

-often controlled by R genes

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10
Q

Qualitative, or simply inherited (Types of resistance based on inheritance)

A

Genes often race specific and often follow gene-for-gene model
Often called R genes
Often conditioned by a hypersensitive response

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11
Q

Quantitatively Inherited Resistance (Types of resistance based on inheritance)

A

Controlled by multiple genes with smaller effects

assumed to be race-nonspecific

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12
Q

Compatible (interaction terminology)

A

Interaction where the pathogen is virulent an the host is susceptible

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13
Q

Incompatible (interaction terminology)

A

Interaction where the pathogen is avirulent and the host is resistant.

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14
Q

PAMP-triggered immunity

A

Pathogen (Microbe) Associated Moldular Patterns

  • conserved molecular structures unique to microbes
  • (Basal Resistance)
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15
Q

PRRs (Pattern Recognition Receptors) and PAMP

A

plant transmembrane receptors that recognize PAMPs and activate basal defense

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16
Q

Effector Triggered Immunity (R gene mediated Resistance)

A 
Effector molecules (avirulence Avr proteins) - pathogens have evolved effector molecules to evade/suppress PAMP triggered immunity 
R Proteins - Plants have evolved recognition receptors (r-proteins) encoded by R (resistance) genes, that detect specific effector molecules
17
Q

Gene for Gene model hypothesis

A

Resistance is dominant, virulence is recessive
-only R genes specifically matched with Avr genes result in resistance (incompatability)

Arv gene is recognized by a plant R gene

18
Q

Direct Interaction - Gene for Gene Model

A

Receptor-Ligand model

direct binding of R gene and Avr gene products

19
Q

Indirect Interaction - Gene for Gene Models

A

Guard Model: Modification of host target by effector results in activation of R protein

Decoy Model: Effector target is a decoy evolved through gene duplication or target mimicry that only functions in the perception of pathogen effectors

20
Q

R-Gene Mediated Resistance (signaling pathways)

A

Effective against biotrophs

-Gene for gene recognition

21
Q

Salicylic Acid (SA) Dependent Signaling and Systemic Aquired Resistance (SAR) (signaling pathways)

A
  • Implicated in PAMP and SAR

- Feed back loops that increase cell death

22
Q

Defense Responses activated by Jasmonic Acid (JA) and Ethylene (ET) signaling (signaling pathways)

A

Effective against necrotrophic pathogens & insects

similiar to wounding responses

23
Q

In Gene-For-Gene Interactions which traits are dominate?

A

Resistance and Avirulence

24
Q

ETI -def

A

NBS-LRR R genes directly recognize Avr products, and initiate a defense response characterized by HR

25
Q

PTI -def

A

LRR-RLKs, recognition may or may not be associated with HR

most similar to PAMP

26
Q

Significance of tandem arrays in R-genes

A

Tandem arrays, etc

Retain orginial function but increases the diversity in genetics

27
Q 
Indirect Recognition (R-Avr systems) 
aka guard model, decoy model
A

Imposes selection against Avr effector function

R-gene is guarding a change in the target

28
Q

Direct Recognition

A

Imposes selection on Avr effector structure

29
Q

Direct Recognition leads to ___ at R and Avr Loci

A

diversifying selection and high levels of allelic polymorphism

30
Q

Indirect Recognition leads to ___ R and Avr genes

A

balancing selection for functional or nonfunctional

31
Q

Segregation of two independent genes

Number of geneotypes =

A

3^n (n=number of segregating genes)

32
Q

Segregation of two independent genes

F2 genotypic rations

A

15:1 is typical when it only takes one gene to confer resistance

33
Q

Segregation of two independent genes

Number of phenotypes =

A

2^n (n=number of segregating genes)

Plant Resistance To Pests (6 decks)

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