Pathology Lecture 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Equine Upper airway: Strangles
What does strangles start as and become?
A
Starts as rhinitis and lymphadenitis–> spreads
to sinuses, guttural pouches
2
Q
Equine Upper airway: Strangles
What is the systemic form of strangles?
A
Systemic abscessation = “Bastard Strangles”
Purpura hemorrhagica = type 3 hypersensitivity (swidespread hemorrhage, edema, etc)
3
Q
Equine Upper airway: Strangles
Horses that recover may become:
A
carriers
4
Q
If you have a case of strangles what should you do with your horses to manage the disease from spreading?
A
quarantine
5
Q
Strangles can create what in the guttural pouches?
A
chondroids – solid ball of pus
6
Q
Glanders will cause what type of disease?
2 forms
A
Leads to pyogranulomatous inflammation progressing to ulceration
The cutaneous form = “Farcy”
7
Q
What other bacterial infection in horses looks like Glanders?
A
Pseudoglanders (melioidosis)
8
Q
Pseudoglanders (melioidosis) and Glanders have the potential to spread where>
A
Lungs and beyond
9
Q
What spp. are susceptible to Pseudoglanders (melioidosis)?
A
Horses, people, cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, and cats
10
Q
What is the fungus that causes Guttural pouch mycosis?
A
Aspergillus spp.
Its oxygen loving
11
Q
Whats the sequella of guttural pouch mycosis?
A
Fatal hemorrhage
12
Q
Parasitic upper airway in equine
A
o Rhinosporidium seberi
13
Q
Neoplastic upper airway in equines
A
Squamous cell carcinoma
14
Q
What is the pathology of Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis: Bovine herpes-1?
A
Fibrin, hemorrhage, necrosis
(ulcers), diphtheritic membranes
Nasal –> bronchial
Red nose
15
Q
What does BHV-1 have on histo?
A
intranuclear
inclusion bodies
16
Q
improper dehorning in bovines leads to
A
Frontal sinusitis
17
Q
Tooth infections in bovines can lead to
A
Maxillary sinusitis
18
Q
Oestrus ovis causes pathology and respiratory issue because??
A
the larvae of a fly that get deposited waaaaaayyyyyy back in the sheep nasal passages
Leads to local irritation (as one would imagine) and possible secondary bacterial infections
19
Q
What causes Enzootic nasal tumors?
A
Caused by a retrovirus infection
Enzootic nasal tumor virus – 1 (sheep) or -2 (goats)
20
Q
Enzootic nasal tumors have an affinity to what area in head?
A
ethmoid areas
21
Q
Whats the sequela of atrophic rhinitis?
A
Deviation of nasal septum, Secondary infections (because of loss of defense mechanism of nasal turbinates), poor doers
22
Q
Whats the pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis?
A
- Infection with Bordatella bronchiseptica –> produces dermonecrotoxin
- Promotes infection with toxin producing strains
of Pasteurella multocida –> - P. multocida toxin promotes osteoclast
proliferation AND inhibits osteoblast activity –> - Resorption of nasal turbinates
23
Q
What are the clinical signs of a dog with rhinitis?
A
sneezing, discharge,
epistaxis, masses
24
Q
What of inflammation is associated with canine viral rhinitis?
A
lymphoplasmacytic inflammation
25
Bacterial canine rhinitis is characterized by what type of inflammation?
suppurative
26
Fungal infections in the canine nasal area lead to:
granulomatous rhinitis
27
Idiopathic canine rhinitis is most likely what type of inflammation?
Lymphoplasmacytic
28
Allergic canine rhinitis has most likely what type of cell present?
eosinophils
29
Grossly what does neoplasia in canines look like?
Grossly, it may mimic granulomatous inflammation
30
Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis: Feline Herpes virus causes what that can lead increased risk of secondary infections?
Leads to impaired host defenses increasing the risk for secondary infections
31
What are some common secondary bacterial infections in a cat with Feline herpes virus?
Mycoplasma, Bordatella bronchiseptica, Streptococcus spp
32
Secondary infections results in what clinical signs in a cat with Feline herpesvirus?
Secondary infections --> suppurative or catarrhal rhinitis and
conjunctivitis
* Ocular discharge and keratitis common
33
What is the clinical manifestation of FCV?
Also oral ulcerations
Severe lower airway disease
Has a form characterized by systemic fever and hemorrhage = up to 50% fatalities
34
What does Feline Chlamydia cause in terms of pathology?
Leads to conjunctivitis and serous to mucopurulent rhinitis
35
What is a significant clinical sign of Cryptococcus rhinitis?
Causes space occupying masses commonly filling the nasal cavity (and sometimes extending into the brain) --> Roman nose
36
Whats the most common lymphoma in cat nasal area?
B cell by far most common
37
Lymphoma vs Squamous cell carcinoma in felines grossly?
Lymphoma- soft and white
SCC- firm and tan
38
Nasopharyngeal (or aural) polyps are likely to be secondary to what?
Chronic inflammation esp with otitis
39
Who is most susceptible to Nasopharyngeal (or aural) polyps in cats?
young cats most frequently
40
What is the likely clinical result of - Viral hemorrhagic disease in rabbits?
Terminal fatal epistaxis or sudden death
41
Snuffles results in what pathology?
Results in severe mucopurulent rhinosinusitis
42
where is white nose in bats
limited to the skin of the nasal planum
43
Fowl Cholera is characterized by what inflammation and clinical signs?
Characterized by heterophilic to granulomatous inflammation
See severe facial swelling
May also cause a fibrinosuppurative polyserositis
44
Who is likley to get Mycoplasma gallisepticum?
Backyard flocks
Its highly contagious
45
Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes what type of sinusitis?
Causes chronic heterophilic to granulomatous sinusitis, conjunctivitis
46
What is the pathophysiology of tracheal collapse?
tracheal cartilage dysplasia --> development of abnormal cartilage rings and a widened dorsal tracheal membrane
47
Grossly what do you typically see in tracheal collapse?
dorsoventral flattening of the tracheal rings with widening of the dorsal tracheal membrane.
48
What is tracheal dysplasia?
Development of abnormal tracheal cartilage rings +/- redundant tracheal membranes
May or may not be clinically significant
Could predispose to choke if severe enough due to compression of the esophagus
49
What is tracheal hypoplasia?
Tracheal lumen smaller than normal
Sometimes associated with bronchial hypoplasia
50
What nerve is damaged in laryngeal paralysis?
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Damage to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve Atrophy and fibrosis of left dorsal and lateral crycoarytenoid muscle
51
What kind of atrophy is in "Lar Par"?
denervation atrophy
52
What are the clinical signs of lar par?
Inspiratory noise, exercise intolerance
53
Lar par can occur secondary to:
Can also occur secondary to infections of guttural pouches/lymph nodes, trauma, etc. that result in damage to the nerves
54
What is the cause of laryngeal edema?
Leaky vessels due to:
- Anaphylactic shock
- Inflammation (pigs with edema disease, horses with purpura hemorrhagica)
- Allergies
- Trauma: i.e. Intubation
Narrows the lumen
55
What can laryngeal and tracheal hemorrhage be caused by ?
Can be agonal (associated with dying, see above)
Can be iatrogenic
Can be REALLY bad: African swine fever, hog cholera, equine infectious anemia
56
Is tracheal foam a normal PM finding?
- A little is normal
- Think pulmonary edema if excessive
57
What is the cause of Follicular lymphoid hyperplasia? When can you typically see it?
Common, usually incidental, and non-specific
Common in young racehorses
- Ddx from mucous glands
If severe, can lead to partial obstruction
May see this during intubation/endoscopy
58
What is follicular hyperplasia?
lymphoid tissue that becomes hyperplastic when responding to antigenic stimulation leading to nodules
59
Smoke inhalation leads to what?
tracheal inflammation (and pulmonary inflammation). Lumen will often be stained black from the carbon
60
Where does tracheal obstruction occur?
Can happen anywhere along the trachea
61
Epiglottic entrapment in horses is caused when?
Epiglottis gets entrapped by arytenoepiglottic fold
Horses may cough violently or seem to be choking as they attempt to correct this entrapment
62
Dorsal displacement of the soft palate leads to:
Leads to increased resistance, turbulence
Often a dynamic process (may not get stuck that way permanently)
63
What are the clinical sign associated with Dorsal displacement of? the soft palate
Decreased performance and exercise intolerance
64
Where does the fungus like to grow in guttural pouch mycosis? Whats the sequela of this diease?
Fungus (usually Aspergillus) grows around internal carotid artery (leads to granulomatous inflammation)
Sequela?
- Hemorrhage
- Nerve damage --> dysphagia, Horner’s syndrome
65
What is guttural pouch tympany and who is mostly likely to get it?
Entrapment of air within the guttural pouch
Most common in foals
66
With guttural pouch tympany what would you see at necropsy? What would you rule out based on this?
- No real changes at necropsy other than dilation
- Rule out from Strangles based on external appearance
67
Necrotic laryngitis leads to what pathology grossly?
Leads to fibrin, necrosis, ulceration
68
What would predispose a cow to necrotic laryngitis?
Viruses and trauma predispose (also contact ulcers, as below) --> local area of ulceration is a great environment for Fusobacterium to gro
69
Contact ulcers are most common in what bovines? This predisposes them to what?
Feedlot cattle
- Excessive mooing?
Predisposes them to necrotic laryngitis
70
What are the 4 pathologic components of brachycephalic airway syndrome?
Stenotic nares
Elongated soft palate
Hypoplastic trachea
Everted laryngeal saccules
71
How do everted laryngeal saccules contribute to BAS?
The two little sacs on either side of the larynx (beneath the vocal folds) bulge out (usually with edema) and into the lumen --> impedes airflow
72
What is brachycephalic airway syndrome worsened by?
All of these things are worsened by secondary edema when animals are in respiratory distress
73
Where does oslerus osleri in dogs go to in the respiratory tract? and what does it cause?
Causes submucosal nodules (filled with awesome nematode parasites!) throughout the trachea and bronchi
- Grossly, see tan to brown to red nodules along the tracheal and bronchial mucosa (plus worms if you are lucky!)
Not accompanied by much inflammation
See this worldwide in both domestic and wild canids
74
What does bronchiectasis occur secondary to? and what happens to the bronchi because of it?
- Occurs secondary to chronic obstruction and inflammation
- Damage to bronchiolar walls and PERMANENT dilation of bronchi
75
Bronchiectasis is common in what animals with what infection? Why?
Common in cattle, rats with Mycoplasma infections
Remember where Mycoplasma likes to live (between the
cilia) and this likes to adhere to bronchi
76
Describe how bronchiolitis obliterans?
This change occurs secondary to necrosis of the bronchioles that gets repaired by fibrosis. Eventually the epithelium grows back along the surface, but by this point the lumen is V. NARROW because of this polypoid projection, and the breathing is not so good
77
Bronchiolitis obliterans is...
PERMANENT
78
Feline asthma leads to:
hypertrophy of the bronchial wall (smooth muscle)
79
What are the characteristic of hypertrophy of the bronchial wall in feline asthma?
characteristic “donut” lesions on radiographs
bronchoconstriction
80
What is the other form of hypertrophy in feline asthma?
Glandular hypertrophy which contributes to excessive mucous
Mucus becomes thicker and more abundant --> makes it still harder to clear the airways
81
What inflammatory cell might you seein feline asthma?
eosinophils
you might see lymphocytes or plasma cells if chronic
82
Feline asthma predisposes you to
secondary infections
83
What are the clinical signs of feline asthma?
Clinically, this condition results in bronchospasm episodic bronchoconstriction (cats may wheeze or cough)
84
What environments make dogs more susceptible to Canine infectious respiratory disease complex?
Kennels, shelters, veterinary clinics increase
risk
85
Canine infectious respiratory disease is said to be multifactorial. What other infectious agents are these dogs suscpetible to?
Bordatella bronchiseptica, Strep. zooepidemicus, Mycoplasma cynos
Canine parainfluenza-2, Canine coronavirus, Canine influenza most common
Poor ventilation predisposes
86
What do canine infectious respiratory disease complexes look like grossly?
Catarrhal to mucopurulent tracheobronchitis
--> suppurative with Bordatella infection
87
What are the clinical signs associated with canine chronic bronchitis?
Chronic coughing
Vascular changes → pulmonary hypertension
- May → heart failure (cor pulmonae)
88
What cells do you see on histo in canine chronic bronchitis?
Goblet cell hyperplasia, epithelial hyperplasia
Vascular changes = increased smooth muscle in arteries
89
Bovine mycoplasma pneumonia is known as (morph dx)
Severe chronic regionally extensive suppurative bronchiopneumonia (with bronchiectasis)
90
What does chronic bovine mycoplasma pneumonia result in?
Bronchiolitis obliterans:
Remodeling of the airway by fibrosis → terrible gas exchange
91
Where else other than the lungs does bovine mycoplasma affect?
May also see suppurative otitis media. Over time, the middle ears can get so full of pus that they can have remodeling of the bones there! Clinically, calves may display a head tilt. If you see suppurative otitis media in a calf, your first 4 thoughts should be Mycoplasma bovis infection
Possible morph
Bilateral, diffuse, severe, chronic (or chronicactive) suppurative otitis media
92
What can you also see with pulmonary hypoplasia?
May see with congenital anasarca or congenital diaphragmatic hernia
93
Lung lobe torsion may lead to:
May lead to infarction
- Infarction is otherwise RARE in lungs because of redundant blood
supply
94
What is the cause of hemosiderosis (brown lungs)?
Hemosiderin-laden macrophages indicate chronic ingestion of red blood cells
Usually secondary to congestion in the lungs because red blood cells eventually leak out of dilated vessels and into the alveolar lumens
95
What disease might lead to hemosiderosis?
Heartworm disease in dogs (Dirofilaria immitis) infection leads to
chronic passive congestion.
Chronic heart failure in dogs, for the same reason (chronic congestion)
alveolar macrophages that break down red blood cells and edema
96
What are "heart failure cells"?
hemosiderophages
97
# **
Whats the significance of anthrocosis?
nothing, its just a result of being an animal on earth
98
What can silica be associated with?
can be associated with osteoporosis in horses
## Footnote
Osteoporosis: bones become brittle, enlarged due to loss of normal
bone
99
Melanosis in the lungs can occur in what species?
Pigs, guinea pigs, and some others
100
Red/purple congested lungs will feel? and whats the distribution of this color?
May feel rubbery
May be diffuse or dependent
101
Emphysema can be associated with? or secondary to?
Associated with forceful breathing
- Cattle = v sensitive septal walls
Secondary to chronic inflammation
- Heaves in horses
Secondary to trauma
102
Emphysema can extend into:
Into mediastinum
SQ tissue
103
What is the result of pneumothorax?
This happens when free air enters the pleural cavity, resulting in a loss of the negative pressure that keeps the lungs inflated --> secondary atalectasis
104
What is the result of pulmonary edema?
Increased vascular leakage
- Inflammation
- Decreased oncotic pressure
- Increased hydrostatic pressure
105
What do pulmonary edema lungs look like and feel like?
- Lungs will be WET and HEAVY
- Tracheal foam
- Fluid pooling
106
What is the mechanism of pulmonary edema?
- Increase in Hydrostatic pressure
- Damage to endothelial cells
- Damage to alveolar cells
Weird things:
- Neurogenic edema: animals with head injury can get pulmonary edema as a manifestation
- Acute pancreatitis?
107
Does the histo color help indicate the mechanism of pulmonary edema?
Yes
Pink= high protein = vascular leakage
^^think inflammation
108
What is African Horse sickness?
Reportable disease caused by an Orbivirus
It causes fatal pulmonary edema due to extensive vasculitis because virus grows in and damages endothelial cells in capillaries of lung and heart
109
Lungs that have pulmonary hemorrhage are what color? Do they float?
red and may sink
110
What are some causes of pulmonary hemorrhage?
- Rodenticide toxicity
- Teflon toxicity in birds (shown)
- Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (horses)
- Streptococcus zooepidemicus (dogs)
- Trauma
- Coagulopathies
111
Why are the lungs a great place for emboli?
The network of capillaries in the lungs
112
What are some potential causes of pulmonary embolisms?
- Deep vein thrombosis
- Heartworm disease—how?
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (cats)
- Septic emboli
- Tumor emboli
- Fat or marrow emboli
113
What is the correct term for inflammation of the lungs?
Pneumonia and this means that the ALVEOLI are affected
114
Bronchopneumonia has what type of distrubution and caused by what type of spread
cranioventral and caused by aerogenous spread
Sharp line of demarcation is common.
115
Interstitial pneumonia has what type of distrubution and caused by what type of spread
o Diffuse
o Aerogenous OR hematogenous spread
116
Embolic/hematogenous pneumonia has what type of distrubution and caused by what type of spread
o Multifocal or random
Hematogenous
117
What agents are use to classify pneumonia?
- Bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, allergic, foreign material
118
What inflammatory cells are used to classify pneumonia?
- Suppurative
o Fibrinosupurative
- Lymphoplasmacytic
- Granulomatous
119
How do lungs feel with bronchopneumonia? Sink or float?
Firm (consolidated)
Will sinK
120
Most likely causes of bronchopneumonia?
- Think bacteria and mycoplasma
o Suppurative, +/- fibrin or catarrhal exudate
- Aspiration pneumonia
121
Bronchopneumonia causes inflammation of the ...
And whats it called if it involves the pleura?
- Inflammation in the conducting pathways
- *If it involves pleura= bronchopleuropneumonia
122
Bacterial agent that causes bronchopneumonia in cattle?
M. haemolytica
Normal part of the upper respiratory tract, but when it reaches the lungs --> BAD
“Pneumonic Mannheimiosis”
123
M. haemolytica in cattle causes what pathology associated with bronchopneumonia?
severe necrosis, tons of FIBRIN,
neutrophilic inflammation
124
M. haemolytica causes geographic areas of...
Necrosis
125
Why is M. haemolytica so bad?
Produces a leukotoxin that kills neutrophils--> releases
more damaging substances --> bystander tissue
destruction --> more neutrophils die
126
What is a classic histo ft of M. haemolytica?
“oat cells” = flat,
streaming neutrophils that have been killed by M.
haemolytica leukotoxin
127
H. somni causes what in cattle and can become?
Fibrinosuppurative
bronchopneumonia
May --> septicemia
128
What does M. bovis cause? what are the pathologic fts of it?
- bronchiectasis (chronic form)
- In earlier cases, may get
bronchopneumonia
- Cranioventral consolidation
- Suppurative bronchopneumonia (+/-
bronchiectasis—can look like little abscesses)
- Can be caseous = dry, crumbly, white nodules = necrosis + some
inflammation
129
What causes pneumonic pasteurellosis? it causes what type of pneumonia?
P. multocida
Bronchopneumonia +/- abscessation
+/- pleuritis
130
What spp. are suscptible to pneumonic pasteurellosis?
o Part of enzootic pneumonia in calves
o “snuffles” in rabbits
o Pigs get it
131
What does pneumonic pasteurellosis often follow?
Often follows viral infection in pigs and cattle
132
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae: porcine pleuropneumonia is related to what other bacteria and what lesions does this cause?
- Related to M. haemolytica and
causes similar lesions
- FIBRIN, necrosis, hemorrhage
133
Describe the distribution of porcine pleuropneumoniae?
Starts off caudodorsal and often will be diffused by the time we see it.
134
Pathogenesis of porcine pleuropneumoniae?
Bacterial leukotoxin --> extensive
neutrophil death (oat cells),
secondary damage, necrosis
135
Describe the lungs of porcine pleuropneumoniae?
Lungs are firm, red, often coated
with fibrin
BAD
also has geographic necrosis
136
Describe the lungs of a pig with - Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: “Enzootic pneumonia”?
“Fish flesh” lungs
- Gray to pink, consolidated
- Cranioventral consolidation,
suppurative bronchopneumonia
- Often complicated by secondary
bacterial pathogens
137
Bronchopneumia is caused by what agents in dogs?
- B. bronchiseptica
- Streptococcus spp.
138
Bronchopneumia is caused by what agents in sheep?
- M. ovipneumoniae: “Enzootic pneumonia”
139
Bronchopneumia is caused by what agents in cats?
- Pasteurella multocida
- Steptococcus spp.
- B. bronchiseptica
140
Bronchopneumia is caused by what agents in horses?
- Streptococcus equi spp. zooepidemicus
141
What is a cause of aspiration pneumnia? ie its secondary to what?
- Secondary to inhaled foreign material
o Food, drugs, etc
142
Distrubution of aspiration pneumonia?
- Typically cranioventral
o Sometimes right middle lung lobe most affected
143
Pathology of tissue with aspiration pneumonia is often..
Necrotizing
144
What are some risk factors that can lead to aspiration pneumonia?
- Anesthesia
- Balling gun/tube feeding
- Megaesophagus
- Cleft palate (palatoschisis)
- Dysphagia/nerve
damage
145
What is the sequela of purulent bronchopneumonia?
Bronchiectasis
Pulmonary abscesses
Pleural adhesions
Atelectasis
Emphysema
146
Lungs with interstitial pneumonia tends to be _____ expanded and what is a specific feature of that that leads you to beleive its interstitial pneumonia?
Diffusely expanded and will kinda stand up
Rib impression because lungs have expanded against them. This clues you in that its interstitial pneumonia
147
Describe the lungs of interstitial pneumonia and will they sink or float?
Lungs become “thick”,
“meaty”
- Fail to collapse
- May see rib impressions
Often feel rubbery
Sections still usually float--> because alveoli are still filled with air, just interstitium is affected
148
Interstitial pneumonia is caused by:
- Think viral first!
- Also allergic, toxic, parasitic sometimes
149
WHat are the histo changes with interstitial pneumonia?
Type II pneumocyte hyperplasia,
hyaline membranes,
lymphocytes and plasma
cells in septa
150
What is bronchointerstitial pneumonia?
combo of interstitial and bronchial inflammation
151
What is a caused of bronchointerstitial pneumonia?
Often seen with primary viral
infections followed by secondary
bacterial infections
Common in things like Canine
distemper virus
152
What caused interstitial pneumonia in cattle?
- Shipping fever/bovine respiratory disease complex
o Typically both interstitial pneumonia and bronchopneumonia
- Interstitial due to viruses:
a. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (Bovine herpesvirus-1)
b. Bovine Parainfluenza virus-3 (PI3)
c. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
153
What cattle typically get BSVR? and its due to?
- young calves and feedlot cattle
- Crowding, stress, transportation, poor air quality predispose
154
Describe the BSVR interstial pneumonia distribution.
Can have a weird distribution
May begin as cranioventral
Can mimick bronchopneumonia
155
What will you see on histo with BSVR?
- Histo: bronchointerstitial to interstitial pneumonia
- intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies
- multinucleated cells = syncytial cells
156
What are some common secondary bacterial agents in a cow with BSVR?
M. haemolytica, P. multocida,
Trueperella pyogenes
157
Whats the sequela of BSVR?
Potential sequela? Hypersensitivity
reaction if reinfected
Lesions look like “atypical interstitial
pneumonia
158
What is PI3 similar to?
Lots of overlap with BRSV
Same risk factors, susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections
Not quite as bad as BRSV
159
What does bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema causes?
“Atypical interstitial pneumonia”, “Fog fever”
160
How does emphysema and edema in “Atypical interstitial pneumonia”, and “Fog fever” occur?
Damage to type I pneumocytes and bronchial epithelium --> edema and emphysema
161
What are the 3 toxic ways we get "atypical interstitial pneumonia?
Lush sweet clover = “Fog fever”
- Contain L-tryptophan--> metabolized by Clara cells to 3 methyindoline (3-methylindole will be metabolized to 3-methylindoLINE) --> local generatopn of free rads and then injury and necrosis of type 1 pneumocytes
Moldy sweet potatoes
- Contain 4 ipomeanol --> metabolized by CLARA cells to a pneumotoxin
Perilla mint
- Perilla ketone
162
What are the histo changes associtaed with bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema?
These are hyaline membranes
- = hallmark feature of this condition
- Result from severe damage to the interstitium and type 1 pneumocytes
and Type II pneumocyte
hyperplasia along with necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells into septa
These inhibit O2 diffusion
163
What are some non-toxic causes of bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema?
Reinfection syndromes with:
- BRSV
- Dictyocaulus viviparous (see later)
- Type III hypersensitivity
164
- Inhalation of toxic “pit gases”
i.e. ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide leads to what in cattle?
Interstitial pneumonia
165
Equine Viral Pneumonitis: Equine herpes virus 1 and 4 causes what type of pneumonia?
BronchoInterstitial pneumonia
166
How does Equine Viral Pneumonitis: Equine herpes virus 1 and 4 cause damage to the interstitium?
- Attacks airway epithelium
- Intranuclear inclusion bodies
167
Who is most affected by - Equine Viral Pneumonitis: Equine herpes virus 1 and 4?
Young horses (4-8 months)
168
Equine influenza is very ______? And in some states in?
Very contagious and reportable
169
Both Equine herpesvirus and Equine
influenza are relatively
self-limiting in the lungs on their own
170
Equine herpes and influenza predispose horses to what?
Predispose to secondary bacterial infections: Strep. equi and S. zooepidemicus, Staphylococcus aureus
Predispose to ARDS in horses that recover (see later)
171
What causes - Maedi Visna: Ovine progessive pneumonia? and what does this mean?
o Caused by a small ruminant lentivirus (a type of retrovirus)
- This will be a life long infection
172
What are the gross and histo findings of Maedi Visna: Ovine progessive pneumonia?
Interstitial pneumonia
interstitial pneumonia with diffuse thickening of the
septa
Lymphocytes and plasma cells
173
What causes - Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis Virus (CAEV)? and its very similar to what?
Caused by small ruminant retrovirus
(another lentivirus)
Very similar to Maedi-Visna in sheep
174
How is CAEV transmitted?
in milk
175
Describe the lungs of CAEV?
- Lungs are gray to pink, firm, with small white foci
- Fail to collapse, rib impressions common
- Alveoli fill up with surfactant makes it hard to breathe!
176
What causes - Pestis de petits ruminants and whats it similar to?
- A morbillivirus (like canine distemper)
- Lesions similar to distemper (see later)
- Bronchointerstitial pneumonia
- Foreign animal disease
177
CDV causes what type of pneumonia?
Bronchointerstitial
178
CDV predisposes dogs to what?
]Predisposes to secondary infections
Bordatella bronchiseptica,
Toxoplasma gondii
179
CLinical signs of CDV?
Dogs often have mucopurulent
conjunctivitis, rhinitis too
180
What do you see on histo with CDV?
Attacks the epithelium
Often see inclusion bodies
(intracytoplasmic and intranuclear)
181
What does canine influenza cause in terms of disease of lung?
Typically mild disease in the lungs but can cause NECROSIS of bronchioles and pleural and subpleural hemorrhages
182
Canine adenovirus can cause disease when..
immunocompromised (i.e.
CDV infection)
183
What changes to the lungs does Canine adenovirus 2 cause? Histo?
Necrotizing bronchiolitis
BIG magenta intranuclear inclusion bodies
184
Feline Herpes-1: What type of inflammation/pneumonia/histo do you see?
URT dz +/- lymphoplasmacytic to fibrinonecrotic interstitial pneumonia
Intranuclear inclusion bodies
185
T/F Feline herpesvirus 1 is fatal on its own?
False its not usually fatal on its own
186
How does calicivirus cause interstitial pneumonia?
- Type II pneumocyte hyperplasia (necrosis of Type I)
- Lymphoplasmacytic to necrotizing inflammation
- Virulent strains --> systemic disease
187
WHat pneumonia does PRRS cause?
Interstitial pneumonia (suckling and
weanling) --> hypoxia (blue ear dz)
188
What cell does PRRS infect? which can lead to?
Infects macrophages; spares conducting cells
- Secondary bacterial infections
- Septicemia
189
What are your major rule outs in a pig with PRRS?
Primary septicemia
Porcine circovirus-2 (Porcine multisystemic wasting
syndrome)
190
Describe lung lesions and histo changes of Porcine Circovirus-2
- Similar lung lesions to pigs with PRRSV
- Interstitial pneumonia the big thing
- Macrophages play a bigger role here (lymphohistiocytic to granulomatous)
191
What does pseudorabies start as?
Starts as a rhinitis--> pneumonia
192
Histo changes of Pseudorabies?
eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies
193
What cells does pseudorabies inhibit and this leads to?
alveolar macs --> secondary bacterial infections
194
Describe the changes you will see in the lungs grossly and histo in a pig with Swine influenza?
- More necrosis than in pigs with PRRSv or PCV-2
- More commonly a bronchointerstitial pneumonia
- Gross = checkerboard pattern
a. Patchy, lobar atelectasis
- Secondary bacterial infections common
- Characterized by NECROSIS histologically
195
Whats a defining gross lesion of Swine influenza
Checkerboard pattern
196
What is ARDS? What predisposes you to this?
ARDS is a SECONDARY lesion due to over-activation of inflammatory cells
Predisposing causes:
- Distant organ lesion
- Systemic disease
- Direct lung injury
197
What is the Pathogenesis of ARDS?
- Hyperreactive macrophages --> cytokine release (TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6) -->
- Neutrophils pool in lung -->
- Enzyme and free radical release from neutrophils -->
- Alveolar endothelial and epithelial damage
198
Whats the hallmark ft of ARDS?
Hyaline membrane formation
199
If you have embolic pneumonia you should think the cause is most likely?
- Think bacteria that like to cause sepsis
- Also secondary to right-sided vegetative endocarditis
200
Causes of embolic pneumonia in cattle?
- Histophilus somni
- Fibrinous epicarditis
- TEME in the brain
201
Causes of embolic pneumonia in foals?
Actinobacillus equuli
202
# *
Histo of embolic pneumonia?
suppurative inflammation +/-
hemorrhage
203
Whats the primary inflammatory cell in granulomatous pneumonia?
Macrophages
204
What do lungs look like if infected with blasto?
- Multifocal, random raised white to tan nodules
- Can be large, can look like neoplasia
205
What is blasto? what lesions do you see iwth it other than the lungs? Radiograph shows?
- Big, blue, broad based budding fungal yeasts
- Radiographs = “snowstorm”
- May also see lesions in eyes, skin, bones, lymph nodes
206
Describe histoplasma capsulatum and what type of pneumonia it causes?
Small fungal yeasts inside macrophages
Diffuse granulomatous pneumonia
207
CWhere are - Cryptococcus neoformans and Coccidioides immitis in the body and what will C. neoformans look like grossly?
- Both outside of macrophages
- Remember that Cryptococcus
neoformans doesn’t cause much
inflammation; looks like soap bubbles with narrow budding
These organism are MUCH bigger than blasto
208
What species will you often see Aspergillosus fumigatus in and what pneumonia does it cause?
- Fungal granulomatous pneumonia
- Can occasionally cause pneumonia in dogs with disseminated disease, or horses
a. Often immunocompromised
- Relatively common cause of
granulomatous pneumonia and air sacculitis in birds
209
Histo of Aspergillus fumigatus?
Histo: granulomatous (+/- neutrophils or
heterophils) with fungal hyphae
210
What causes bacterial granulomatous pneumonia in cattle?
Mycobacterium bovis --> bovine tuberculosis
Can be the cause of your tuberculosis too!
REPORTABLE in most places
BAD NOOZ
Also in wildlife (cervids) in parts of the country
211
Describe the nodules of M. bovis with cattle granulomatous pneumonia?
All these nodules are granulomas
Bacteria resist killing
Lymph nodes commonly affected too
Nodules are often white to yellow
This is caseous necrosis at the center of granuloma --> dry, cheese like material
212
Describe distribution of bacterial granulomatous pnemonia caused by Rhodococus equi in a foal?
o Multifocal to coalescing, random
213
What lung lesions do you see with bacterial granulomatous pnemonia caused by Rhodococus equi in a foal?
Pyogranulomatous (mix of macrophages
and neutrophils) pneumoniaand abscesses
214
What will you see on radiographs in foal with granulomatous pneumonia caused by R. equi
"cotton ball" or "easter basket"
215
# [](http://)
Where do bacteria hang out in foal with granulomatous pneumonia caused by R. equi? and this bacyeria can?
- Bacteria survive and thrive in macrophages
- Can disseminate
216
Describe D. viviparous in cattle and what type of pneumonia it causes?
- Worms in large airways
- Adults live in bronchi. May go all the way up the trachea
- Reinfection syndrome resembles atypical interstitial pneumonia
216
Describe D. arnfeldi in horses? Clinical signs?
In horses housed with donkeys
Worms in large airways
Cough
217
What are the parasites that cause parasitic pneumonia in goats and sheep and where do each of them live?
Muellerius capillaris (right, above) – in ALVEOLI
- Tan subpleural nodules on dorsal lobes
- Common
Dictyocaulus filaria (right, below)– in BRONCHI
- Most pathogenic
Protostrongylus (rare) – in BRONCHIOLES
218
Where will you find M. apri in pigs with parasitic pneumonia?
Bronchi
Mild clinical disease
219
Describe where worms are in Ascaris suum infection? what do the lungs look like?
Larvae can migrate through
Get a more diffuse pattern (bottom)
Parascaris equorum in horses can do this same thing
220
Parasites of dogs causing parasitic pneumonia?
- Sometimes aberrant HW migration
- Oslerus osleri
221
Describe Paragonimus kellicotti in a parasitic pneumonia of BOTH dogs and cats?
Lung fluke
Cool life cycle: snail then crawfish
intermediate hosts
Eosinophilic inflammation and cysts under the pleura
222
Describe the lung lesions caused by A. abstrussus in cats?
- Multifocal, subpleural granulomas
a. With lots of worms!
- Can sometimes see worms in sputum
- Tend to coil up
223
Pulmonary neoplasia is likely to be...? but can also be primary and what is the really bad neoplasia animals can get?
- Much more likely to be metastatic, but…
o Can be primary
- Usually bad = pulmonary carcinomas
- Can arise from epithelium along any part
Generally you see one big nodule and other small one s
224
Describe the spread of pulmonary carcinomas?
- Start as a single nodule, then quickly spread
- First in the lungs
- Can metastasize out of the chest (especially in cats)
Can go weird places:
- Cat toes
- Still looks the same histologically
225
Pulmonary carcinoma in cat to is called?
"feline lung digit syndrome"
Super weird, and does
happen, but
intrapulmonary mets
more common by far
226
- Jaagsiekte: Ovine Progessive pulmonary adenomatosis (OPP) causes what type of neoplasm?
Multifocal pulmonary adenocarcinoma
227
Grossly Jaagsiekte: Ovine Progessive pulmonary adenomatosis (OPP) looks like?
Multifocal firm gray nodules
228
T/F - Jaagsiekte: Ovine Progessive pulmonary adenomatosis (OPP) is infectious?
True, can spread throughout the herd
229
# ```
```
What are some common cancers that cause Metastatic pulmonary neoplasia? How do they spread? and is it hard to differentiate them from a certain inflammation?
- Carcinomas, hemangiosarcomas,
melanomas, osteosarcomas all commonly metastasize to the lungs
- Hematogenous spread --> multifocal
random distribution
- Can be tough to differentiate from granulomatous inflammation on its own
230
What is a metastatic pulmonary neoplasia that is multicentric?
Lymphoma
Can have a diffuse pattern, or multiple
nodules
231
Where do thoracic neoplasms arise from?
- Can arise from the thoracic cavity lining
232
What is mesothelioma?
thoracic neoplasm
Associated with
asbestos in people,
cattle
Tends to “coat”
surfaces. Looks gnarly
233
What other cancer can spread causing thoracic neoplasia?
But carcinomas
can also
sometimes
spread this way
=
carcinomatosis
234
What are some thoracic cavity diseases?
- Transudates: hydrothorax
- Modified transudate: chylothorax
- Exudates: Hemothorax and Pyothorax
235
Whats common with all thoracic cavity diseases?
Atelectasis
236
What is hydrothorax?
- Fluid is translucent, watery
- Low protein
- Often secondary to heart
failure
- Occasionally also to liver disease or severe endoparasitism
237
What is a pyothroax?
- Cloudy, tan to yellow-tinged
- +/- fibrin
- Can be red-tinged, think “tomato soup”
- Common with migrating grass awns (+Nocardia/Actinomyces)
- Neutrophils
- Think bacteria, penetrating wounds, migrating grass awns, ruptured abscesses
238
Pyothorax is common in what spp. due to what bacteria?
Common in cats with bite wounds
Pasteurella multocida most common
239
What do you call pyothorax if inflammation involves the lining surface?
If inflammation involves the lining surfaces
= pleuritis
Suppurative to fibrinosuppurative pleuritis can
work
240
What is Hemothorax?
Frank blood in the chest
Can be secondary to:
Trauma
Ruptured things (tumors,
abscesses, aneurysms)
Clotting abnormalities
Primary
Secondary (i.e.
rodenticides)
241
What is chylothroax?
Most common in cats
Gross: White (to pink)
Cytology: Lymphocytes
Secondary to obstruction or
rupture of the thoracic duct
Trauma
HCM in cats
Pulmonary atelectasis
242
What is modified transudate caused by in cats?
Feline infectious peritonitis
Caused by mutated felone enteric coronavirus
243
Describe the inflammation and pleural cavity fluid of a cat with FIP?
- Pyogranulomatous inflammation and vasculitis in many organs (including lungs)
- Pleural cavity commonly affected
- Viscous, high protein yellow fluid (can be cloudy)
- Frequent fibrin on surfaces
- Similar findings in abdomen
244
Describe polyserositis in pigs?
Fibrinous:
Pleuritis
Epicarditis and pericarditis
Peritonitis
Arthritis
Meningitis
245
What are some differentials of polyserositis in pigs?
- Streptococcus suis
- Haemophilus parasuis
- Mycoplasma hyorhinis
- Actinobacillus suis
246
# ```
```
What is Bovine "Hardware disease"?
Traumatic Reticulopericarditis
247
What is the pathogenesis of bovine hardware disease?
1. Cow eats nail
2. Nail lodges in reticulum, punctures diaphragm, penetrates pleural cavity
and pericardium
3. Takes bacteria with --> seeding of
thoracic cavity with bacteria
4. Severe fibrinosuppurative pleuritis and pericarditis
248
Lesion seen in bovine hardware disease?
Severe fibrinosuppurative pleuritis and pericarditis
