Pathology lec.1

Question 1

Each cell has function depending on

Answer 1

It’s machinery and metabolic pathways and these determined genetically

Question 2

What is the homeostasis

Answer 2

It’s the ability of cell to maintain a dynamical stable state in which the cell adjusting their structure and function in a minimum range to deal with the extracellular environmental changes

Question 3

What is the adaptation

Answer 3

Modification of homostatic state and achieve new stable state to encounter the e.c changes

Question 4

What are the types of changes in the cell

Answer 4

• Reversible the cell returns to the normal state on the removal of the offending agents
• irreversible the cell can’t return to the normal state and lead to cell death

Question 5

What is the hyper trophy

Answer 5

Is the increase of the cell size

Question 6

The hypertrophic could be

Answer 6

1-Physiological I.g skeletal muscles of atheists ,mechanical works ,uterus during pregnancy duo to estrogen
2-pathological I.g cardiomegaly

Question 7

Hyperplasia

Answer 7

Is the increase in the number of cells

Question 8

Hyperplasia could be

Answer 8

Physiological
1-hormonal hyperplasia example the proliferation of glandular and epithelial cells of breast in females at puberty and pregnancy and enlargement of uterus by both hypertrophy and hyperplasia
2-compensatory hyperplasia
Which occurs when apart of tissue is removed or diseased
Pathological hyperplasia
Is Is usually caused by excessive hormonal or growth factors

Question 9

What is the endometrium

Answer 9

Is the uterus neck

Question 10

Skin warts ?

Answer 10

Is an infected disorder composed of masses of hyper plastic epithelium

Question 11

Atrophy is??

Answer 11

Is the shrinking of the cell due to loss of its constituent substances

Question 12

Causes of atrophy

Answer 12

1-decrease workload i.g skeletal muscles (disuse)
2-loss of innervation 
3-diminished blood supply (ischemia)
4-inadequate nutrition 
5-pressure

Question 13

Senile atrophy

Answer 13

Mean decrease size of nervous tissue

Question 14

Metaplasia

Answer 14

Is the replaced of adult cells by another adult cells that can withstand against environmental changes

Question 15

What are the causes of cell injury

Answer 15

1-oxygen deprivation(hypoxia):insufficient supply of o2 include 
A-reduce blood flow (ischemia)
B-inadequate o2 in blood (pneumonia)
C-reduction in o2 -carrying capacity of blood (anemia )
2-physical agent
3-chemical agent
4-infectious agent
5-immunologic reactions
6-genetic

Question 16

How much time the skeletal muscles of the leg resist the ischemia

Answer 16

2–3 hours while cardiac muscle 20-30 minutes

Question 17

The important targets of injurious agents

Answer 17

1- mitochondria 
2-cell membrane 
3-ribosomes
4-cytoskeleton 
5-nucleus

Question 18

What are the causes of atp depletion

Answer 18

Reduce o2
Mitochondrial damage
Some toxins

Question 19

When the mitochondria suffers from necrosis

Answer 19

Reduction of o2 , toxins,radiation

Lead to reduce the generation of ATP and production of ros

Question 20

When the mitochondria suffer from apoptosis

Answer 20

Protein and dna damage lead to increase the production of apoptotic proteins

Question 21

Normal concentration of ca2 within the cell

Answer 21

It’s 10000 times lower the extra cellular ca2 concentration

Question 22

Increasing of ca2 within cell leads to

Answer 22

activation of phospholipases (cause membrane damage) protease (damage membrane and cytoskeleton) endonucleases (damage dna)Atpases (depletion of ATP)
Caspases(leads to apoptosis)

Question 23

What the ROS attack

Answer 23

Nuclear acids,cellular proteins,lipids

Question 24

How you identify the injured cell

Answer 24

1-cellular swellings duo to failure of na-k pump this lead to increase the organ weight
2-fatty change and appearance of fat vacuoles in the cytoplasm