Pathology, intro/cell adaptation

Question 1

Define Pathophysiology

Answer 1

Study of the disruption of normal bodily function (homeostasis) due to disease or the physiology of abnormal function

Question 2

Define pathology

Answer 2

Study of structural or morphological abnormalities which are expressed as diseases of cells, tissues, organs, and whole systems

Question 3

Define disease

Answer 3

• An impairment of cells, tissues, organs or body system functions.
• Result of altered functions of the body and poses a challenge to body homeostasis

Question 4

Define homeostasis

Answer 4

Dynamic steady state marked by appropriate regulatory responses by the body

Question 5

Define Etiology

Answer 5

• What is the cause of a disease or disorder

- ->genetic, acquired, or infectious, etc.

Question 6

Define Idiopathic Disease

Answer 6

An unidentifiable cause

Question 7

Define Iatrogenic

Answer 7

A result of medical treatment

Question 8

Define Congenital

Answer 8

• Disorder occurring during fetal development.

- ->i.e. a congenital berry aneurysm

Question 9

Nosocomial

Answer 9

• An infectious disorder as a result of being inside of a hospital
• ->i.e. hospital-acquired

Question 10

Genetic

Answer 10

Inherited disease

Question 11

Define Acute Diseases

Answer 11

• Severe disorder with quick onset

- Usually self-limiting with signs and symptoms (i.e. acute myocardial infarct)

Question 12

Define Chronic Disease

Answer 12

• A long-term continuous disease process characterized by exacerbations and remissions that is usually not curable
• ->i.e. chronic ulcerative colitis

Question 13

Define subacute disease

Answer 13

-Somewhere between acute and chronic timeframes

Question 14

Define subclinical disease

Answer 14

-No signs or symptoms that does not usually progress

Question 15

Define Carrier State

Answer 15

• Pt harbors an organism
• Does not show signs or symptoms, but can transmit the disease
• ->i.e. “Typhoid Mary”

Question 16

Define Syndrome

Answer 16

-A group of clinical symptoms and physical features that characterize a particular disorder.

Question 17

Define Cell Adaptation

Answer 17

-Prolonged exposure of cells to adverse or exaggerated normal stimuli which evokes various changes at the level of individual cells, tissues or whole organs.

Question 18

Define Atrophy

Answer 18

-Decrease in the size of a tissue, organ or the entire body.

Question 19

Physiologic examples of atrophy

Answer 19

• Thymus undergoing involution
• Ovaries, uterus and breasts after menopause.
• Bones and muscles in the elderly become thin and prone to fx’s

Question 20

What is the best example of pathologic atrophy?

Answer 20

Alzheimer Dementia

–>widening of the gyri of the frontal, parietal and temporal, but SPARING the occiput

Question 21

Define hypertrophy

Answer 21

An increase in the size of tissues or organs due to enlargement of individual cells

Question 22

Give an example of physiologic hypertrophy

Answer 22

Enlargement of skeletal muscles in body builders due to weights

Question 23

Give an example of pathologic hypertrophy

Answer 23

-Hypertrophy of the heart that occurs as an adaptation to increased workload

Question 24

When do you see concentric hypertrophy in the left ventricle?

Answer 24

Hypertension

Question 25

Define Hyperplasia

Answer 25

An adaptive increase in the NUMBER of cells that can cause enlargement of tissues or organs

Question 26

Give an example of hyperplastic process and disease state where hyperplasia is seen

Answer 26

1. Endometrial Hyperplasia due to estrogen | 2. Hyperplastic polyps of the colon or stomach

Question 27

Define Metaplasia

Answer 27

An adaptive change of one cell type for another to suit the environment.

Question 28

What is the best example of metaplasia?

Answer 28

Squamous metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium due to smoking

Question 29

Define dysplasia

Answer 29

Disordered growth of tissues resulting from chronic irritation or infection.

Question 30

Give the best example of dysplastic change as it relates to disease

Answer 30

Detection of cervical dysplasia | -->Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) based on Pap smears

Question 31

Define Anaplasia

Answer 31

Undifferentiated and uncontrolled growth of cells | -->hallmark of malignant transformation.

Question 32

What are the microscopic hallmarks of Anaplasia?

Answer 32

1. The cells and the nuclei display marked cellular pleomorphism (variation in size and shape). 2. The nuclei are irregular and hyperchromatic 3. Extremely high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio (N/C ratio), about 1:1 instead of 1:4 or 1:6. 4. Large nucleoli present within the nucleus. 5. Large numbers of abnormal mitotic figures

Question 33

Define Cell Necrosis

Answer 33

The death of cells or groups of cells (tissues) within a living organism.

Question 34

Define autolysis

Answer 34

Seen in tissues after death.

Question 35

What is coagulative necrosis?

Answer 35

- Occurs when cell proteins are altered or denatured | - Most common form of necrosis

Question 36

Give the best example of coagulative necrosis?

Answer 36

Heart tissue undergoing MI due to anoxia

Question 37

Define Liquefactive Necrosis

Answer 37

Refers to a process by which dead cells liquify under the influence of certain cell enzymes

Question 38

Where does Liquefactive Necrosis most often occur?

Answer 38

1. Brain-->CVA | 2. Bacterial infections in which a cavity may develop-->abscesses in the lungs

Question 39

Define Caseous Necrosis

Answer 39

A form of coagulative necrosis in which a thick, yellowish, cheesy substance forms

Question 40

Give examples of caseous necrosis?

Answer 40

TB

Question 41

What are the characteristics of TB/fungal infections?

Answer 41

-Development of lung granulomas-->caseous necrosis can be found here =Gohns complex

Question 42

Define Fat Necrosis

Answer 42

A specialized form of liquefaction necrosis caused by the action of lipolytic enzymes

Question 43

Give examples of Fat Necrosis

Answer 43

- Limited to fat tissue (usu. around pancreas) - Enzymes are released into the adjacent fat tissue-->causing degradation of fat into glycerol and free fatty acids - Free fatty acids rapidly bind w/ calcium, forming soaps, causing white calcified specks

Question 44

Define Wet Gangrene

Answer 44

Necrotic tissue becomes a bacterial infection of coagulated tissue leads to inflammation and a secondary liquefaction -->i.e. advanced decubitus ulcers

Question 45

Define dry gangrene

Answer 45

When the necrotic tissue dries out, it becomes black and mummified

Question 46

Give underlying conditions that contribute to Gangrene?

Answer 46

infarction of the intestines or in a limb and are usually caused be atherosclerosis or diabetes.

Question 47

Define Dystrophic Calcifications

Answer 47

Macroscopic deposition of calcium in injured or dead tissues.

Question 48

Characteristics of Dystrophic Calcifications

Answer 48

- An extracellular deposition of calcium from the circulation into dead or dying necrotic tissue - Range from gritty, sand-like grains to firm, rock-hard material.

Question 49

Define Metastatic Calcifications

Answer 49

- Reflects deranged calcium metabolism (not cell injury) | - usu. assoc. with increased serum calcium levels-->leading to deposition of calcium in other locations.

Question 50

Give examples of Metastatic Calcifications

Answer 50

1. Hyperparathyroidism 2. Vitamin D toxicity 3. Chronic Renal Failure