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Pathology Exam#1 > Pathology, intro/cell adaptation > Flashcards

Pathology, intro/cell adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

Define Pathophysiology

A

Study of the disruption of normal bodily function (homeostasis) due to disease or the physiology of abnormal function

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2
Q

Define pathology

A

Study of structural or morphological abnormalities which are expressed as diseases of cells, tissues, organs, and whole systems

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3
Q

Define disease

A
  • An impairment of cells, tissues, organs or body system functions.
  • Result of altered functions of the body and poses a challenge to body homeostasis
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4
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Dynamic steady state marked by appropriate regulatory responses by the body

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5
Q

Define Etiology

A
  • What is the cause of a disease or disorder

- ->genetic, acquired, or infectious, etc.

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6
Q

Define Idiopathic Disease

A

An unidentifiable cause

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7
Q

Define Iatrogenic

A

A result of medical treatment

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8
Q

Define Congenital

A
  • Disorder occurring during fetal development.

- ->i.e. a congenital berry aneurysm

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9
Q

Nosocomial

A
  • An infectious disorder as a result of being inside of a hospital
  • ->i.e. hospital-acquired
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10
Q

Genetic

A

Inherited disease

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11
Q

Define Acute Diseases

A
  • Severe disorder with quick onset

- Usually self-limiting with signs and symptoms (i.e. acute myocardial infarct)

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12
Q

Define Chronic Disease

A
  • A long-term continuous disease process characterized by exacerbations and remissions that is usually not curable
  • ->i.e. chronic ulcerative colitis
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13
Q

Define subacute disease

A

-Somewhere between acute and chronic timeframes

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14
Q

Define subclinical disease

A

-No signs or symptoms that does not usually progress

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15
Q

Define Carrier State

A
  • Pt harbors an organism
  • Does not show signs or symptoms, but can transmit the disease
  • ->i.e. “Typhoid Mary”
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16
Q

Define Syndrome

A

-A group of clinical symptoms and physical features that characterize a particular disorder.

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17
Q

Define Cell Adaptation

A

-Prolonged exposure of cells to adverse or exaggerated normal stimuli which evokes various changes at the level of individual cells, tissues or whole organs.

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18
Q

Define Atrophy

A

-Decrease in the size of a tissue, organ or the entire body.

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19
Q

Physiologic examples of atrophy

A
  • Thymus undergoing involution
  • Ovaries, uterus and breasts after menopause.
  • Bones and muscles in the elderly become thin and prone to fx’s
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20
Q

What is the best example of pathologic atrophy?

A

Alzheimer Dementia

–>widening of the gyri of the frontal, parietal and temporal, but SPARING the occiput

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21
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

An increase in the size of tissues or organs due to enlargement of individual cells

22
Q

Give an example of physiologic hypertrophy

A

Enlargement of skeletal muscles in body builders due to weights

23
Q

Give an example of pathologic hypertrophy

A

-Hypertrophy of the heart that occurs as an adaptation to increased workload

24
Q

When do you see concentric hypertrophy in the left ventricle?

A

Hypertension

25
Q

Define Hyperplasia

A

An adaptive increase in the NUMBER of cells that can cause enlargement of tissues or organs

26
Q

Give an example of hyperplastic process and disease state where hyperplasia is seen

A
  1. Endometrial Hyperplasia due to estrogen

2. Hyperplastic polyps of the colon or stomach

27
Q

Define Metaplasia

A

An adaptive change of one cell type for another to suit the environment.

28
Q

What is the best example of metaplasia?

A

Squamous metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium due to smoking

29
Q

Define dysplasia

A

Disordered growth of tissues resulting from chronic irritation or infection.

30
Q

Give the best example of dysplastic change as it relates to disease

A

Detection of cervical dysplasia

–>Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) based on Pap smears

31
Q

Define Anaplasia

A

Undifferentiated and uncontrolled growth of cells

–>hallmark of malignant transformation.

32
Q

What are the microscopic hallmarks of Anaplasia?

A
  1. The cells and the nuclei display marked cellular pleomorphism (variation in size and shape).
  2. The nuclei are irregular and hyperchromatic
  3. Extremely high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio (N/C ratio), about 1:1 instead of 1:4 or 1:6.
  4. Large nucleoli present within the nucleus.
  5. Large numbers of abnormal mitotic figures
33
Q

Define Cell Necrosis

A

The death of cells or groups of cells (tissues) within a living organism.

34
Q

Define autolysis

A

Seen in tissues after death.

35
Q

What is coagulative necrosis?

A
  • Occurs when cell proteins are altered or denatured

- Most common form of necrosis

36
Q

Give the best example of coagulative necrosis?

A

Heart tissue undergoing MI due to anoxia

37
Q

Define Liquefactive Necrosis

A

Refers to a process by which dead cells liquify under the influence of certain cell enzymes

38
Q

Where does Liquefactive Necrosis most often occur?

A
  1. Brain–>CVA

2. Bacterial infections in which a cavity may develop–>abscesses in the lungs

39
Q

Define Caseous Necrosis

A

A form of coagulative necrosis in which a thick, yellowish, cheesy substance forms

40
Q

Give examples of caseous necrosis?

A

TB

41
Q

What are the characteristics of TB/fungal infections?

A

-Development of lung granulomas–>caseous necrosis can be found here
=Gohns complex

42
Q

Define Fat Necrosis

A

A specialized form of liquefaction necrosis caused by the action of lipolytic enzymes

43
Q

Give examples of Fat Necrosis

A
  • Limited to fat tissue (usu. around pancreas)
  • Enzymes are released into the adjacent fat tissue–>causing degradation of fat into glycerol and free fatty acids
  • Free fatty acids rapidly bind w/ calcium, forming soaps, causing white calcified specks
44
Q

Define Wet Gangrene

A

Necrotic tissue becomes a bacterial infection of coagulated tissue leads to inflammation and a secondary liquefaction
–>i.e. advanced decubitus ulcers

45
Q

Define dry gangrene

A

When the necrotic tissue dries out, it becomes black and mummified

46
Q

Give underlying conditions that contribute to Gangrene?

A

infarction of the intestines or in a limb and are usually caused be atherosclerosis or diabetes.

47
Q

Define Dystrophic Calcifications

A

Macroscopic deposition of calcium in injured or dead tissues.

48
Q

Characteristics of Dystrophic Calcifications

A
  • An extracellular deposition of calcium from the circulation into dead or dying necrotic tissue
  • Range from gritty, sand-like grains to firm, rock-hard material.
49
Q

Define Metastatic Calcifications

A
  • Reflects deranged calcium metabolism (not cell injury)

- usu. assoc. with increased serum calcium levels–>leading to deposition of calcium in other locations.

50
Q

Give examples of Metastatic Calcifications

A
  1. Hyperparathyroidism
  2. Vitamin D toxicity
  3. Chronic Renal Failure

Pathology Exam#1 (1 decks)

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