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Pathology > Pathology I - Final Practice Questions > Flashcards

Pathology I - Final Practice Questions Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Dependence on a substance:
A

addiction or substance use disorder.

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2
Q
  1. Morbid sadness, most common adult psychiatric disorder:
A

Mood Disorders: Depression

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3
Q
  1. Lithium is the treatment of choice:
A

Mood Disorders: Bipolar Disorder

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4
Q
  1. Best treatment is light therapy:
A

seasonal affective disorder (SAD).

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5
Q
  1. Emotional state of fear:
A

anxiety disorders

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6
Q
  1. Symptoms include a persistent re-experiencing of a trauma:
A

Anxiety Disorders: post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

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7
Q
  1. Panic attack is a type of …disorder:
A

Anxiety Disorders

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8
Q
  1. Abnormal fear and apprehension followed by obsessions:
A

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

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9
Q
  1. Eating disorder characterized by abnormally low weight with an intense fear of gaining weight:
A

Eating Disorder: Anorexia Nervosa

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10
Q
  1. Interprets reality differently, hallucinations, hearing voices:
A

Cognitive Disorder: Schizophrenia

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11
Q
  1. General symptoms of anemia
A

fatigue, headache, chest pain, irregular heart beat, cold intolerance, shortness of breath, pallor , dizziness, brittle hair, spoon shaped nails, delayed healing, swollen ankles, sore/beefy red tongue, cracked lips and intermittent calf pain.

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12
Q
  1. Match the anemia with the description:

1. Iron deficiency anemia
2. Idiopathic anemia
3. Pernicious anemia
4. Folic acid anemia
5. Sickle cell anemia
6. Aplastic anemia
7. Nutritional anemia
8. Hemolytic anemia
9. Hemorrhagic anemia

a. lack of Vit. B12
b. RBC shape changes, live less, and stick together
c. lack of iron, protein, Vit. B12
d. rare and life threatening, complete marrow failure
e. results from massive blood loss most
f. common especially for women
g. RBCs destroyed faster than they can be replaced
h. Lack of folic acid, causes spina bifida in neonates
i. bone marrow stops making RBCs: unknown

A
  1. Iron deficiency anemia - f. Common especially for women; results from massive blood loss.
    1. Idiopathic anemia - i. Bone marrow stops making RBCs; unknown cause.
    2. Pernicious anemia - a. Lack of Vitamin B12.
    3. Folic acid anemia - h. Lack of folic acid; causes spina bifida in neonates.
    4. Sickle cell anemia - b. RBC shape changes, live less, and stick together.
    5. Aplastic anemia - d. Rare and life-threatening; complete marrow failure.
    6. Nutritional anemia - c. Lack of iron, protein, Vitamin B12.
    7. Hemolytic anemia - g. RBCs destroyed faster than they can be replaced.
    8. Hemorrhagic anemia - e. Results from massive blood loss.
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13
Q
  1. Impaired clotting mechanisms, causing prolonged bleeding:
A

hemophilia

a genetic disorder where blood does not clot properly due to a lack of clotting factors.

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14
Q
  1. Impaired bone marrow function in making WBCs:
A

leukopenia

where the bone marrow produces fewer white blood cells than normal, weakening the immune system’s ability to fight infections.

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15
Q
  1. A fungal infection from inhaled spores found in soil, bird & bat droppings:
A

histoplasmosis

caused by inhaling Histoplasma capsulatum spores

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16
Q
  1. Borrelia burgdorferi:
A

Lyme disease

transmitted through tick bites.

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17
Q
  1. Chancre:
A

primary stage of syphilis.

A painless ulceration typically seen in the primary stage of syphilis.

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18
Q
  1. Virus hides in the dorsal root ganglia:
A

Herpes simplex virus

which can cause cold sores and genital herpes, establishes latency in the dorsal root ganglia.

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19
Q
  1. Oral lesions:
A

herpes simplex virus Type I (HSV)

which can manifest as cold sores or oral herpes.

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20
Q
  1. Genital lesions:
A

Herpes Simplex Type 2
Genital Herpes

Also caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV), leading to genital herpes.

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21
Q
  1. Shingles:
A

varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

which initially causes chickenpox. It affects sensory nerves and results in a painful rash.

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22
Q
  1. Often asymptomatic, lifetime infection, spread via body secretions:
A

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV)

which can remain dormant and asymptomatic in healthy individuals but cause severe issues in immunocompromised individuals.

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23
Q
  1. Sexually transmitted virus causing warts, may lead to cervical cancer:
A

Human papillomavirus (HPV).

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24
Q
  1. Affects GI mostly, also respiratory, and nervous systems, flu-like symptoms:
A

Viral Enteroviruses.

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25
Q
  1. Virus enters the anterior horn of the spinal cord, damages motor neurons:
A

Poliovirus

causing poliomyelitis (polio).

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26
Q
  1. Starts in upper respiratory (infected droplets), then goes to lower, if immunocompromised life-threatening:
A

Inluenza

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27
Q
  1. Rhinovirus:
A

common cold.

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28
Q
  1. Occurs in immunocompromised, a fungus infection of lungs:
A

pneumocystis carinii

Fungal Pneumonia

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29
Q
  1. Yeast infection, what is the name of the yeast:
A

Candida albican

a common cause of yeast infections in various parts of the body, including vaginal yeast infections.

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30
Q
  1. Match the type of bacteria with the shape of it:
  2. Cocci
    2. Diplococci
    3. Staphylococci
    4. Streptococci
    5. Bacilli
    6. Spirochete

a. Rod shape
b. Spiral shape
c. Spheres
d. Spheres in bunches
e. Spheres in pairs
f. Spheres in linear groups

A
  1. Cocci: c. Spheres
    2. Diplococci: e. Spheres in pairs
    3. Staphylococci: d. Spheres in bunches
    4. Streptococci: f. Spheres in linear groups
    5. Bacilli: a. Rod shape
    6. Spirochete: b. Spiral shape
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31
Q
  1. Very common, resides on skin, overgrowth causes disease from mild to severe:
A

Staphylococcus aureus

a bacterium commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans. Overgrowth can lead to various infections ranging from mild skin infections (like boils and impetigo) to severe conditions (such as pneumonia and bloodstream infections).

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32
Q
  1. Has two groups Group A and Group B:
A

Streptococcus bacteria

which are categorized into different groups based on their antigenic properties. Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes) and Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae) are two important groups within this genus.

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33
Q
  1. Pathologies included in Group A:
A

** streptococcal pharyngitis

followed by : rheumatic fever, cellulitis, erysipelas, impetigo and necrotizing fasciitis

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34
Q
  1. Highly contagious throat infection, if left untreated-serious:
A

Pharyngitis - Strep throat

Streptococcal Pyogenes

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35
Q
  1. If untreated may lead to valve damage:
A

Rheumatic fever

a complication of untreated Streptococcus pyogenes infection.

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36
Q
  1. Flesh-eating disease:
A

Necrotizing fasciitis

often caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.

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37
Q
  1. Normally occurring bacteria that flourishes in immunocompromised, may cause pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, meningitis:
A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Pneumococcus

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38
Q
  1. Sexually transmitted infection of genital tract, but may also infect pharynx, eyes, and rectum:
A

gonococci, species of neisseria gonorrhoeae, causing gonorrhea.

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39
Q
  1. Inflammation of the fluid and the membranes of the meninges:
A

Meningitis

caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae or Neisseria meningitidis.

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40
Q
  1. Yersinia pestis:
A

Anaerobic Toxic Infection
yersinia pestis bacteria

has many names “The Plague”, “Bubonic Plague”, “Black Death”

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41
Q
  1. Bacteria found in canned food causing blocked nerve functions and severe paralyzing effects:
A

Clostridium botulinum, causing botulism.

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42
Q
  1. Found in water, soil, vegetation, and feces, used to measure quality of water:
A

fecal coliforms

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43
Q
  1. Example of a fecal coliforms bacteria
A

Escherichia coli (E. coli).

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44
Q
  1. From contaminated water, person dies of dehydration from severe diarrhea:
A

Vibrio cholerae, causing cholera.

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45
Q
  1. Infectious, inflammatory disease of lungs, #1 cause in world for infection, also lymph nodes & other organs affected:
A

Tuberculosis

caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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46
Q
  1. Infectious bacterial infection causing skin sores, growths, nerve damage and nasal symptoms:
A

Leprosy

caused by Mycobacterium leprae.

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47
Q
  1. Most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection in the world:
A

Chlamydia trachomatis, causing chlamydia.

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48
Q
  1. A sexually transmitted protozoan (parasite) infection:
A

Trichomonas vaginalis, causing trichomoniasis.

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49
Q
  1. Match the hypersensitivity reactions with what carries it out:

a. Type I
b. Туре II
с. Туре III
d. Type IV

-IgG, IgM
-antigens & antibodies deposited
-T lymphocytes and macrophages
-IgE

A
  1. Type I - IgE
    1. Type II - IgG, IgM
    2. Type III - antigens & antibodies deposited _
    3. Type IV - T lymphocytes and macrophages.
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50
Q
  1. Inhaled pollens trigger a histamine release:
A

Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)

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51
Q
  1. Chronic skin irritation, childhood mostly:
A

Atopic dermatitis (eczema)

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52
Q
  1. Abnormal response to inhaled allergens in the bronchi:
A

Asthma

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53
Q
  1. A severe life-threatening systemic response to an allergen:
A

Anaphylaxis

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54
Q
  1. RBCs are destroyed faster than they can be produced:
A

Hemolytic anemia

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55
Q
  1. Antibodies produced attack collagen in the lungs & kidneys:
A

Goodpasture syndrome

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56
Q
  1. Overproduction of thyroid hormones:
A

Hyperthyroidism

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57
Q
  1. Antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors at the NMJ and there is an excess of cholinesterase, causing an excess of acetylcholine in the cleft:
A

Myasthenia gravis

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58
Q
  1. Ptosis:
A

Drooping of the upper eyelid

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59
Q
  1. Butterfly rash:
A

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

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60
Q
  1. Renal disease after a sore throat:
A

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

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61
Q
  1. Antibody/ antigen complexes deposit in small to medium arteries, causing clumping and inflammation:
A

Polyarteritis nodosa

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62
Q
  1. Most common Type IV reaction:
A

Contact Dermatitis

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63
Q
  1. Sexually transmitted virus that infects and destroys CD4 and T cells:
A

Human Immunodeficiency
Virus HIV

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64
Q
  1. Abnormal proteins build up in organs causing dysfunction:
A

Amyloidosis

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65
Q
  1. Infection and inflammation of lymphatic vessels:
A

Lymphangitis

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66
Q
  1. Local accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces:
A

Edema

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67
Q
  1. Cancer of the lymph node:
A

Lymphoma

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68
Q
  1. Difference between Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma:
A
  • Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: presence of Reed-Sternberg cells

which are large, abnormal lymphocytes. It tends to originate in a single lymph node or a group of lymph nodes.

*	Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Includes a diverse group of lymphomas that do not contain Reed-Sternberg cells.

It can arise from lymphocytes anywhere in the body.

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69
Q
  1. Infectious mononucleosis:
A

also called Epstein-Barr virus infection.

the kissing disease

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70
Q
  1. Myalgic encephalomyelitis:
A

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS).

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71
Q
  1. Six attributes of cancer cells:
A

Anaplasia
Anchorage Independent
Lack of Contact Inhibition
Immortality
Angiogenesis
Genetic Instability

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72
Q
  1. For the following: B for benign cancer and M for malignant cancer

a. limited and slow growth

b. unencapsulated

c. cells are different from original tissues

d. bad prognosis

e. curable

f. uncontrollable growth

g. encapsulated

h. bad prognosis

i. uniform cell populations

j. not curable

k. considered cancer

I. may compress nearby tissues

A
  • a. B
    • b. M
    • c. M
    • d. M
    • e. B
    • f. M
    • g. B
    • h. M
    • i. B
    • j. M
    • k. M
    • l. B
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73
Q
  1. Three metastasis routes:
A
  1. lymphatic system
  2. bloodstream (hematogenous spread)
  3. seeding of the surfaces of body cavities (close by)
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74
Q
  1. “Oma” refers to
A

“Oma” refers to Benign tumors.

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75
Q
  1. Match the tumour to the tissues that produce it:

a. Fibroma

b. Chondroma

c. Lipoma

d. Leiomyoma

e. Rhabdomyoma

f. Osteoma

g. Adenoma

  1. smooth muscle cells.
  2. striated muscle cells.
  3. bone.
  4. fibroblasts.
  5. Cartilage
  6. adipose tissue.
  7. epithelial cells (glands & ducts)
A
  • a. Fibroma - fibroblasts
    • b. Chondroma - cartilage
    • c. Lipoma - adipose tissue
    • d. Leiomyoma - smooth muscle cells
    • e. Rhabdomyoma - striated muscle cells
    • f. Osteoma - bone
    • g. Adenoma - epithelial cells (glands & ducts)
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76
Q
  1. Sarcoma:
A

Malignant tumours are named from the root of the cell type plus “sarcoma”

A type of cancer that arises from connective tissues, such as bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, or blood vessels.

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77
Q
  1. TNM: T…N…M…
A
  • T: Tumor size and extent (T1-T4)
    • N: Lymph node involvement (N0-N3)
    • M: Metastasis (M0/M1)
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78
Q
  1. Grading: I…II…III…
A

Grade I: well differentiated cells (benign)

Grade II: moderately well differentiated cells

Grade III: undifferentiated cells (malignant)

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79
Q
  1. Four viral pathologies linked to cancer:
A
  1. Human Papillomavirus (HPV):
  2. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV):
  3. Hepatitis B Virus: liver cancer
  4. Human T-Cell Lymphoma/leukemia (HTLV): in same group of viruses as HIV, causes leukemia
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80
Q
  1. Bacterial infection of skin, blisters, very contagious:
A

Impetigo.

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81
Q
  1. Same as above only no blisters:
A

Non-bullous impetigo.

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82
Q
  1. Infection that crusts over an ulcer, deeper form of impetigo:
A

Ecthyma.

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83
Q
  1. Infection in lower layers of skin:
A

Cellulitis.

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84
Q
  1. Infection in upper layer of skin:
A

Erysipelas.

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85
Q
  1. Infection of a hair follicle:
A

Folliculitis

86
Q
  1. Also known as a boil:
A

Furuncle.

87
Q
  1. Many Furuncle together:
A

Carbuncle.

88
Q
  1. Chronic inflammation of the hair follicular epithelium causing blockages, painful lumps (pustules & nodules):
A

Hidradenitis suppurativa.

89
Q
  1. Infectious fungus or mycosis, lives off keratin:
A

Dermatophyte infection (e.g., ringworm).

90
Q
  1. Match the tinea to the region:
    a. Tinea capitis
    b. Tinea corporis
    c. Tinea pedis
    d. Tinea cruris
    e. Tinea barbae
    f. Tinea faciale
    g. Tinea unguium
    h. Tinea manus
    i. Tinea versicolour
  2. foot

  3. beard & neck region
  4. face
  5. nails (toe or hand)
  6. scalp
  7. hand
  8. does not cause itching
    8. groin
    9. general body regions
A
  • a. Tinea capitis - 5. scalp
    • b. Tinea corporis - 9. general body regions
    • c. Tinea pedis - 1. foot
    • d. Tinea cruris - 8. groin
    • e. Tinea barbae - 2. beard & neck region
    • f. Tinea faciale - 3. face
    • g. Tinea unguium - 4. nails (toe or hand)
    • h. Tinea manus - 6. hand
    • i. Tinea versicolour - 7. does not cause itching
91
Q
  1. Tiny insects or parasites that live in skin with hair and feed off blood:
A

Lice.

92
Q
  1. Leaves wavy trails:
A

Scabies

93
Q
  1. Viral infection of skin causing warts, spreads through skin-to-skin contact:
A

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

94
Q
  1. Hair follicle with sebaceous gland obstruction and clogging:
A

Acne vulgaris

95
Q
  1. Skin irritation with erythema, pustules and telangiectasis over malar areas:
A

Rosacea

96
Q
  1. Shaving rash:
A

Pseudofolliculitis barbae

97
Q
  1. Hair loss:
A

Alopecia

98
Q
  1. Chronic scaly silver-coloured patches caused by overgrowth of the epidermis:
A

Psoriasis

99
Q
  1. Inflammatory reaction to drugs, target shaped lesions:
A

Erythema multiforme

100
Q
  1. Much more severe version of the above:
A

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)

101
Q
  1.  Match the dermatitis with:

a. Primary irritant contact vesicles
b. Atopic coin shaped lesions
c. Allergic contact
d. Nummular dermatitis sting
e. Neurodermatitis scales
f. Dermatitis seborrheic
g. Perioral dermatitis

h. Phototoxic or photoallergic leathery skin
i. Stasis (venous) dermatitis

  1. sensitization, 48-72 hours later, intense itch, red,
  2. itch, red rash over trunk & butt, vesicles, scales,
  3. underlying vascular condition, poor circulation
  4. chemical damage, edema, red, scale, itch, burn,
  5. irritation of sebaceous glands (dandruff), itch,
  6. around the mouth and also on the face
  7. childhood, itch, red lichenification
    8. one intensely itchy patch, causes itch cycle, thick
    9. irritation from sunlight UVA
A

a. Primary irritant contact - 4. chemical damage, edema, red, scale, itch, burn

b. Atopic - 7. childhood, itch, red lichenification

c. Allergic contact - 1. sensitization, 48-72 hours later, intense itch, red

d. Nummular dermatitis - 2. itch, red rash over trunk & butt, vesicles, scales

e. Neurodermatitis - 8. one intensely itchy patch, causes itch cycle, thick

f. Dermatitis seborrheic - 5. irritation of sebaceous glands (dandruff), itch

g. Perioral dermatitis - 6. around the mouth and also on the face

h. Phototoxic or photoallergic - 9. irritation from sunlight UVA

i. Stasis (venous) dermatitis - 3. underlying vascular condition, poor circulation

102
Q
  1. Name the cells affected in the following skin cancers:

a. Basal cell carcinoma:
b. Basosquamous cell carcinoma:

c. Malignant melanoma:

A

a. Basal cell carcinoma: Basal cells of the epidermis

b. Basosquamous cell carcinoma: Basal and squamous cells

c. Malignant melanoma: Melanocytes

103
Q
  1. Skin tags: also called:
A

Acrochordons

104
Q
  1. Urticaria:
A

hives.

105
Q
  1. Hard thickened areas from too much friction often on feet:
A

corns

106
Q
  1. The same as above only larger area:
A

calluses

107
Q
  1. A bony bump at the base of the MTP joint:
A

bunion.

108
Q
  1. Genetic disorder causing dry thickened scaly skin, a slowing of the skin’s shedding process:
A

ichthyosis.

109
Q
  1. Skin loses pigment in an irregular pattern:
A

vitiligo.

110
Q
  1. First-degree burn affects:
A

epidermis

111
Q
  1. Second-degree burn affects:
A

dermis and part of epidermis

112
Q
  1. Third-degree burn affects:
A

dermis, epidermis and hypodermis all affected

113
Q
  1. A raised scar that is larger than the original wound:
A

keloid.

114
Q
  1. A raised scar that is the same size as the original wound:
A

hypertrophic scar.

115
Q
  1. Match the respiratory system pathologies with their etiologies:

a. Common cold

b. Sinusitis

c. Pharyngitis substances, reflux disease

d. Laryngitis

e. Laryngeal cancer


f. Influenza

g. Infectious mononucleosis

  1. cold or flu viruses or bacteria (group A streptococcus).
  2. respiratory infection, strain from yelling, reflux disease.
  3. smoking, drinking, occupational exposure, toxic.
  4. rhinovirus
  5. Epstein Barr virus
  6. viral or bacterial upper respiratory infection
  7. influenza virus strains A, B, or C.
A
  • a. Common cold: 4. rhinovirus.
    • b. Sinusitis: 6. viral or bacterial upper respiratory infection.
    • c. Pharyngitis: 1. cold or flu viruses or bacteria (group A streptococcus).
    • d. Laryngitis: 2. respiratory infection, strain from yelling, reflux disease.
    • e. Laryngeal cancer: 3. smoking, drinking, occupational exposure, toxic.
    • f. Influenza: 7. influenza virus strains A, B, or C.
    • g. Infectious mononucleosis: 5. Epstein Barr virus.
116
Q
  1. Inflammation of the pleural membranes:
A

pleuritis or pleurisy.

117
Q
  1. Collapsed lung: also called:
A

pneumothorax.

118
Q
  1. Air sacs and bronchioles fill with fluid, debris, and cellular waste causing inflammation:
A

pneumonia.

119
Q
  1. Build up of excess fluid between the pleural membranes:
A

pleural effusion.

120
Q
  1. High blood pressure that effects the arteries of the lungs:
A

Pulmonary hypertension

121
Q
  1. Excess fluid in the air sacs of lungs:
A

Pulmonary edema

122
Q
  1. Respiratory systems fails to maintain gas exchange at alveolar membrane:
A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

123
Q
  1. Respiratory system fails to maintain the respiratory pump:
A

Respiratory Failure Type I and II

124
Q
  1. Contagious lung infection that is encapsulated in a tubercle and forms caseous necrosis:
A

Tuberculosis

125
Q
  1. Causes 80-90% of all lung cancers:
A

Smoking

126
Q
  1. Group of respiratory diseases that cause obstruction of air flow:
A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

127
Q
  1. Inflammation of the bronchial mucosa, causing swelling, hypersecretion of mucus:
A

Chronic Bronchitis

128
Q
  1. What is a blue boater:
A

is named from the bluish color (cyanosis) of the lips & skin (from lack of oxygen), as well as edema commonly seen in persons suffering from chronic bronchitis.

129
Q
  1. Permanent enlargement and destruction of alveoli:
A

Emphysema

130
Q
  1. What is a pink puffer:
A

is named for the reddish complexion and puffing or breathing through pursed lips to control shortness of breath as seen in persons suffering from emphysema.

131
Q
  1. Barrel chest, tripod position, clubbing of fingers, found in:
A

Emphysema

132
Q
  1. Bronchiole smooth muscles are in spasm:
A

Asthma

133
Q
  1. Irritating dust particles cause interstitial lung disease:
A

Pneumoconiosis

134
Q
  1. Weakened bronchiole walls form out pouchings or sacs that fill up with fluid and get infected:
A

Bronchiectasis

135
Q
  1. Common lung infection in children causing inflammation of the bronchioles:
A

Bronchiolitis

136
Q
  1. Genetic disorder that causes hypersecretion of mucus, saliva and digestive juices producing cells:
A

Cystic fibrosis

137
Q
  1. Upper airway is obstructed while sleeping causing hypoxia:
A

Obstructive sleep apnea

138
Q
  1. A clot occludes the pulmonary artery partially or completely
A

Pulmonary embolism

139
Q
  1. A clot occludes the pulmonary artery partially or completely . Where does it originate?
A

deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis DVT)

140
Q
  1. Reduced blood flow to the myocardium causing chest pain, treated with nitroglycerin:
A

Angina pectoris.

141
Q
  1. Myocardium damage due to hypoxia, often caused by a blockage:
A

Myocardial infarction (heart attack).

142
Q
  1. Abnormal heartbeat caused by conduction system impairment:
A

Arrhythmia.

143
Q
  1. Device that helps control abnormal heart beats:
A

Pacemaker.

144
Q
  1. Inability of the heart to pump blood to meet the body’s demands:
A

Heart failure.

145
Q
  1. Left sided heart failure produces:
A

congestion in lungs, pulmonary congestion & edema.

146
Q
  1. Right sided heart failure produces:
A

congestion in liver and GI tract and lower extremities

147
Q
  1. Develops after untreated post-streptococcal throat infection:
A

Rheumatic fever.

148
Q
  1. If the above affects the heart valves, causes damage called:
A

Rheumatic heart disease.

149
Q
  1. Dilated, hypertrophic and restricted heart muscle:
A

Cardiomyopathy

150
Q
  1. Enlarged right ventricle due to pulmonary artery hypertension:
A

Cor pulmonale.

151
Q
  1. Osler’s nodes:
A

Painful, raised lesions on the hands and feet associated with infective endocarditis.

152
Q
  1. Infection of the interior lining of the heart, affecting heart valves:
A

Endocarditis (Infective Endocarditis)

153
Q
  1. Most common cause for Infective Endocarditis pathology:
A

bacterial infection in bloodstream (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus).

154
Q
  1. An increase in fluid in the pericardial sac:
A

Pericardial effusion.

155
Q
  1. Narrowing of the bicuspid valve caused by rheumatic fever:
A

Mitral stenosis.

156
Q
  1. Causes of: congenital, calcification of valve, rheumatic fever:
A

Aortic Stenosis

157
Q
  1. Interrupted blood supply causing ischemia & hypoxia, tissues die in 20 minutes:
A

Myocardial Infarction

Heart Attack

158
Q
  1. Common causes of Myocardial Infarction
A
  1. Thrombus buildup from atherosclerosis
  2. Thromboemboli
  3. Vasospasm (often from drugs)
159
Q
  1. Heart stops, loss of consciousness, sudden collapse:
A

Cardiac arrest.

160
Q
  1. Formation of a blood clot in an arterial wall:
A

Thrombosis

161
Q
  1. Define Virchow’s triad:Three factors contributing to thrombosis:
A

endothelial cell injury, stasis of blood flow, and hypercoagulability.

162
Q
  1. Floating matter in our bloodstream that doesn’t belong and may occlude an artery:
A

Embolus

163
Q
  1. Hardening of smaller arteries:
A

Arteriosclerosis

164
Q
  1. Most common form of Arteriosclerosis
A

atherosclerosis

165
Q
  1. Four most common forms of atherosclerosis
A
  1. Coronary artery disease
    1. Cerebrovascular
    2. Atherosclerosis of the aorta (causing aortic aneurysm)
    3. Peripheral artery disease
166
Q
  1. Endothelial injury of an artery wall with a fatty streak made of lipid, cholesterol, and other cells:
A

Atherosclerosis

167
Q
  1. Modifiable risk factors of above:
A

obesity, elevated LDLs, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes and hypertension

168
Q
  1. Atherosclerosis of arteries surrounding the heart:
A

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

169
Q
  1. Surgeons use a healthy vein from elsewhere in the body and use it to bypass a blocked artery of the heart:
A

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

170
Q
  1. Peripheral pulses distal to the occluded blood vessels are absent:
A

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

171
Q
  1. Called the “SILENT KILLER”:
A

Hypertension.

172
Q
  1. What is normal blood pressure:
A

Approximately 120/80 mmHg.

173
Q
  1. What is low blood pressure:
A

Generally considered below 90/60 mmHg.

174
Q
  1. Blood vessel wall weakness that forms a pouch:
A

Aneurysm.

175
Q
  1. Blood vessel wall weakness that forms a pouch , In head:
A

Cerebral aneurysm.

176
Q
  1. Blood vessel wall weakness that forms a pouch, In abdomen:
A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm.

177
Q
  1. Blood vessel wall weakness that forms a pouch, In thoracic causes:
A

Thoracic aortic aneurysm.

178
Q
  1. Type of stroke, 80% of all:
A

Ischemic stroke.

179
Q
  1. Type of stroke, liquifies brain tissue:
A

Hemorrhagic stroke.

180
Q
  1. Sudden drop in blood pressure causing lightheadedness, after standing up:
A

Orthostatic hypotension.

181
Q
  1. Colours of skin, often in hands: White, blue and red:
A

Raynaud’s phenomenon.

182
Q
  1. Young man who is a smoker: inflammation of small to medium arteries in extremities:
A

Buerger’s disease (thromboangiitis obliterans).

183
Q
  1. Inflammation of a vein:
A

Phlebitis.

184
Q
  1. Where does a DVT come from?
A

Deep veins of the legs (commonly the calf)

185
Q
  1. Where does it occlude or block?
A

pulmonary artery

causing a pulmonary embolism

186
Q
  1. Dilated, twisted veins due to damaged wall and incompetent valves:
A

Varicose veins.

187
Q
  1. Life threatening condition, where body does not get enough blood or oxygen and nutrients, has many types:
A

Shock.

188
Q
  1. What type of vessels affected in 3 types of Infective Arteritis:
  2. Takayasu arteritis:
  3. Giant cell or temporal arteritis:
  4. Polyarteritis nodosa:
A

Takayasu arteritis:Large arteries (aorta and its major branches).

Giant cell or temporal arteritis:Medium and large vessels (particularly the temporal arteries).

Polyarteritis nodosa:Medium-sized muscular arteries.

189
Q
  1. Etiology of Infective Arteritis:
A

unknown, autoimmune disorder.

190
Q
  1. Nitrogen dissolves too quickly in the blood and forms bubbles that act like an embolism:
A

Decompression sickness (the bends).

191
Q
  1. Limitation of blood flow due to pressure causing necrosis and tissue death:
A

Ischemia.

192
Q
  1. Autoimmune disease where immune cells attack the walls of blood vessels causing inflammation:
A

vasculitis.

193
Q
  1. Most serious complication in diabetes causing mortality affecting the basement membrane in the capillary beds:
A

Diabetic Microangiopathy

194
Q
  1. Two most common causes are gallstones and alcohol abuse:
A

Acute pancreatitis.

195
Q
  1. Cancer with the highest mortality rate (92%):
A

Pancreatic cancer

196
Q
  1. Type I or Il Diabetes for the following:
  2. 10% of all cases:
  3. Linked to obesity and sedentary lifestyle:
  4. Insulin dependent:
  5. Autoimmune disease:
  6. Body shape is obese:
  7. Common in he over 40 age group:
  8. Sudden onset:
  9. Often preventable:
  10. Beta cells destroyed:
  11. 3 P’s (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia):
  12. Gradual onset:
  13. Must inject insulin:
  14. Body shape is small and thin:
  15. 90% of all cases:
  16. Insulin receptors are insensitive:
  17. Common in children:
A

1* 10% of all cases: Type I
2* Linked to obesity and sedentary lifestyle: Type II
3* Insulin dependent: Type I
4* Autoimmune disease: Type I
5* Body shape is obese: Type II
6* Common in the over 40 age group: Type II
7* Sudden onset: Type I
8* Often preventable: Type II
9* Beta cells destroyed: Type I
10* 3 P’s (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia): Both
11* Gradual onset: Type II
12* Must inject insulin: Type I
13* Body shape is small and thin: Type I
14* 90% of all cases: Type II
15* Insulin receptors are insensitive: Type II
16* Common in children: Type I

197
Q
  1. Lack of digestive enzymes often caused by cystic fibrosis:
A

pancreatic insufficiency.

198
Q
  1. Hypersecretion of cells that produce mucus, saliva, sweat and digestive juices:
A

Cystic fibrosis.

199
Q
  1. Sodium faulty transport produces dehydration causing:
A

the mucus secretions to be thick and sticky in Cystic Fibrosis clients

200
Q
  1. Hypercortisolism:
A

Cushing’s syndrome.

201
Q
  1. Hypocortisolism:
A

Addison’s disease.

202
Q
  1. Hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood:
A

Giantism.

203
Q
  1. Hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood:
A

Acromegaly.

204
Q
  1. Pituitary gland sits in the:
A

Sella turcica.

205
Q
  1. And is squashed by:
A

Empty Sella Syndrome

enlargement or malformation of the sella turcica causing a buildup of cerebrospinal fluid that squishes the pituitary gland in the sella turcica

206
Q
  1. Often does not affect the function of the:
A

pituitary gland

207
Q
  1. A tumor in the adrenal cortex, affecting aldosterone production causing overproduction and affecting salt & potassium:
A

Conn’s syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism).

208
Q
  1. Autoimmune disease that causes hyperactivity of the thyroid gland:
A

Graves’ disease.

209
Q
  1. Two special items for Graves’ disease:
A
  1. Exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeballs)
  2. pretibial myxedema: reddening and swelling seen on the shins and tops of the feet
210
Q
  1. First ever autoimmune disease discovered:
A

Hypothyroidism:

Hashimoto’s Disease

211
Q
  1. Imbalance in calcium metabolism:
A

Hyperparathyroidism

Pathology (12 decks)

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