Pathology: Final Review

Question 1

Hematemsis

Answer 1

Vomiting of bright red blood (source proximal to the ligament of treite)

Question 2

Melena

Answer 2

Passage of black tarry stool (due to upper GI bleeding)

Question 3

Hematochezia

Answer 3

Bright red blood per rectum (lower GI bleed or rapid upper GI bleed)

Question 4

Intussception

Answer 4

Sliding of a proximal portion of bowel into a distal portion —- intestinal obstruction

Question 5

Hiatal hernia

Answer 5

A segment of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the media stinum

Question 6

Achalasia

Answer 6

A condition caused by increased tone of the lower esophageal sphincter with subsequent failure to relax

Question 7

Esophageal varices

Answer 7

Dilated submucosal esophageal veins

Question 8

Barrett esophagus

Answer 8

Glandular metaplasia that occurs in the distal esophagus as a result of chronic acid reflux in the esophagus

Question 9

Peptic ulcer

Answer 9

A defect in the mucosal surface of the stomach or duodenum that extends through the muscularis mucosa into the submucosa or deeper

Question 10

Gastric erosion

Answer 10

A mucosal defect with no penetration of the muscularis mucosa

Question 11

What are the risk factors for peptic ulcer disease?

Answer 11

• smoking and alcohol
• aspirin and NSAID
• h. pylori infection

Question 12

What are symptoms of malabsorption syndrome?

Answer 12

• diarrhea
• flatulence
• bloating
• cramps
• steatorrhea

Question 13

Crohn disease

Answer 13

An immune disorder and can affect any part of gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus

Question 14

Ulcerative colitis

Answer 14

Affects only the colon and rectum

Question 15

Jaundice

Answer 15

An accumulation of unconjugated or conjugated bilirubin in skin