Pathology Exam 5 Flashcards
1
Q
condition or factors that make a person more susceptible or more inclined to a particular disease.
A
Predisposing factors
2
Q
Predisposing factors
A
- Heredity 2. Obesity 3. Diabetes 4. Elevated cholesterol levels 5. Social factors a) Smoking b) Substance abuse c) Stress - type A personality d) Diet
3
Q
increase in the length or stretching of the heart by the fibers making it up. This is a temporary condition. An example would be blowing up a balloon and letting the air out immediately.
A
Dilatation
4
Q
increase in size of the heart muscle by an increase in the size of the heart cells itself.
A
Hypertrophy
5
Q
inflammation of the endocardium, the inner most layer of the heart, the layer of the heart from which heart valves are made
A
Endocarditis
6
Q
Valvular defects
A
Insufficiency Stenosis Prolapse
7
Q
The most common heart valve where valvular defects takes place
A
mitral valve. Because of its structure, only heart valve that has two distinct sections or cusps making it up.
8
Q
A valvular defect(incompetence) failure of a heart valve to close or seat properly.
A
Insufficiency
9
Q
A valvular defect(narrowing) a narrowing or reduction in the size of the opening controlled by a heart valve.
A
Stenosis
10
Q
A valvular defectweakening in a wall of a heart cusp; collapse of one of the cusps making up a heart valve.
A
Prolapse
11
Q
inflammation of the pericardium - the sack surrounding
A
Pericarditis
12
Q
inflammation of the myocardium - the muscle layer of the heart
A
Myocarditis
13
Q
this is contagious. Caused by StreptococcusPyogenes (a strict pathogen) and Ashoff bodies (scar tissue). The scar tissue which form in persons who recover from the childhood disease rheumatic fever.
A
Rheumatic heart disease
14
Q
a disease affecting the coronary arteries (first and only branches off the arch of aorta)
A
Coronary artery disease
15
Q
dealing with Coronary artery disease the early stages of the hardening of the arteries; a disease with the presence or formation of atheromas (fatty plaques). This disease tends to present itself in tortuous arteries
A
Atherosclerosis(make sure you look at the name and the definition; always check the spelling)
16
Q
dealing with Coronary artery disease arteries that can quickly change the volume of blood flow through them
A
tortuous arteries
17
Q
dealing with Coronary artery disease the presence of an attached blood clot during life in the coronary arteries. (strepto pyogenes could be injected to dissolve the clot) Possible cause of coronary artery disease
A
Thrombosis
18
Q
dealing with Coronary artery disease abnormal contraction of the heart muscle. Present themselves to let the doctor know the patient has a coronary artery disease.
A
Spasms (fibrillation)
19
Q
dealing with Coronary artery disease the presence of a free floating object in the blood stream. Possible cause of coronary artery disease
A
Embolism
20
Q
failure of the heart to deliver oxygenated blood throughout the body
A
Cardiac failure
21
Q
massive - failure of the heart suddenly. Sudden onset and of short duration
A
Acute
22
Q
cardiac failure comes on slowly and lasts a long time. Slow and chronic
A
Chronic
23
Q
congestive heart failure- Usually occurs in adulthood. In adults the persons heart was not beating as fast as it should; swollen ankles are indicative of CHF; children- generally a result of improper structural changes that fail to occur at birth or shortly thereafter.
A
**
24
Q
Death of heart muscle tissue caused by interference in blood supply. Commonly known as a heart attack; it could be mild (dead muscle tissue but not enough to kill the person).
A
Myocardial infarction
25
hypertension or high blood pressure caused by a diseases of the heart. (Give patient a diuretic)
Hypertensive heart disease
26
a disease of the heart muscle; can be born with this. If diagnosed early enough, the patient would be a candidate for a heart transplant)
Cardiomyopathy
27
inflammation of the heart; does not necessarily specify would part
Carditis
28
Disease of the major vascular system of the body that convey blood Vein, Arteries, and Capillaries
diseases of the blood vessels
29
inflammation of the arteries. Frequent side effect when you have cautherization
Arteritis
30
hardening of the arteries. A chronic or slowly progressive disease, eventually those vessels which are further away from the heart are much more prone to this; the late stage of hardening of the arteries. Shipment of calcium salts in arteries causes them to lose their elasticity. The calcium salts reduce the size of the lumen. In embalming, you would use a triangle incision and gauze bandage
Arteriosclerosis
31
Arteriosclerosis is seen mostly where?
Seen mostly in the femoral arteries. It is more common for a femoral artery to be sclerotic before the common carotid.
32
fatty plaques
atheromas
33
seen in tortuous arteries - those arteries that can quickly change the volume of blood through them in a short period of time - Coronary Arteries and Cerebral Arterial Arteries (circle of wills).This is the early stage of hardening of the arteries.
Atherosclerosis
34
weakness in the wall of an artery; found mostly at the splitting of the Abdominal Aorta.
Aneurysm
35
Most common site of aneurysm
just above the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta
36
inflammation of a vein
Phlebitis
37
inflammation of a vein caused by the presence of an attached blood clot. (Put patient on blood thinner; if you hemorrhage it will take longer for your blood to clot)
Thrombophlebitis
38
dilated or engorged superficial veins. Can be surgically removed. They are commonly called spider veins
Varicose veins (varices)
39
DISEASE OF THE BLOOD Reactive changes
Leukocytosis Leukopenia
40
a reactive change; A sudden and temporary increase in the total number of leukocytes or white blood cells as a part of a normal inflammatory response (injury). Go back and look at this info from last quarter for review.
Leukocytosis
41
Least numerous of the corpuscles. 5000-9000 per cubic millimeter of blood
leukocytes
42
a reactive change; A decrease in the total number of white blood cells due to disease. Bone marrow not producing proper number of white blood cells.
Leukopenia
43
(absence of or lack of blood) - A decrease in the total number of red blood cells, hemoglobin; or both.
anemia
44
a type of anemia; The first disease by which a person is diagnosed
primary anemia
45
A previously existing condition which causes anemia, i.e. leukemia.
secondary anemia
46
formation of all blood cells that occurs in the bone marrow
Hemopoiesis
47
Hemopoietic disorders
Leukemia Polycythemia vera (erythrocytosis)
48
Cancer of the blood - a malignant tumor of the blood forming organs characterized by excess production of improperly functioning white blood cells.
Leukemia
49
excess production of red blood cells or erythrocytes. This causes blood to become thicker or increase viscosity which reduces the blood flow and increases the tendency to form clots.
Polycythemia vera (erythrocytosis)
50
Bleeding disorders
Hemophilia Purpura Thrombocytopenia
51
a bleeding disorder; (an affinity for blood) “Bleeders disease”; a hereditary disease that onlypresents itself in male offspring; characterized by the absence of an essential clotting factor. (Factor 8).
Hemophilia
52
a bleeding disorder; Widespread hemorrhage, loss of blood scattered throughout the body.
Purpura
53
a bleeding disorder; Decrease in the total number of thrombocytes or platelets present in the blood, due to disease.
Thrombocytopenia
54
initiates the clotting process.
Thrombocytes
55
Accessory organs of digestion: liver, gallbladder, and pancreas which has as it’s purpose the breakdown of foods and liquids into useful soluble substances for distribution to the bloodstream throughout the body.
digestive system
56
Specific diseases of the digestive systemInflammatory/degenerative
Gingivitis Pharyngitis Esophagitis .Gastritis Peptic ulcer Enteritis Colitis Appendicitis Hemorrhoids (piles) Hepatitis Cirrhosis Cholecystitis Choletithiasis Cholangitis Pancreatitis Peritonitis Diverticulosis
57
Inflammation of the gums
Gingivitis
58
Inflammation of the pharynx - a sore throat
Pharyngitis
59
Inflammation of the muscular tube which conveys food from the throat to the stomach through the esophagus
Esophagitis
60
Inflammation of the stomach
Gastritis
61
A localized area of necrotic epithelia (dead tissue) caused by the action of the enzyme pepsin
Peptic ulcer
62
a digestive enzyme
Pepsin
63
where are peptic ulcers found?
stomach or duodenum
64
Inflammation of the small intestine. (Chron’s disease)
Enteritis
65
Inflammation of the colon; longest division of the large intestines.
Colitis
66
two types of colitis
Amebic colitis Ulcerative colitis
67
a type of colitis; a microscopic animal that has invaded and actively multiplying in the colon.
Amebic colitis
68
a type of colitis characterized by localized area of necrotic epithelia; a psychosomatic self-induced disease.
Ulcerative colitis
69
inflammation of the vermiform (snakelike structure) appendix, attached to the cecum (first division of large intestine).
Appendicitis
70
Dilated or engorged veins surrounding the opening of the anal canal to outside the body.
Hemorrhoids (piles)
71
Inflammation of the liver
Hepatitis
72
The end stage of chronic liver disease. when the functional liver cells are replaced by the surrounding supporting cells. Hob nail liver, little bumps on the external surface of the liver. Also causes firmness of the liver tissue.
Cirrhosis
73
inflammation of the sac containing bile or gallbladder
Cholecystitis
74
The presence or formation of gall stones.
Choletithiasis
75
Inflammation of one or more of the bile ducts.
Cholangitis
76
Inflammation of the pancreas (a heterocrine gland) or blockage of the pancreatic duct by a gallstone
Pancreatitis
77
Inflammation of the perineum, the membrane which lines the abdominal viscera
Peritonitis
78
The presence of intestine hernia’s known as diverticulia. Found in the large intestine
Diverticulosis
79
Specific diseases of the digestive systemGenetic/developmental
Pyloric stenosis Hernia
80
a genetic/developmental disease of the digestive system; A narrowing in the opening controlled by the pyloric valve.; The pyloric valve is the circular shaped valve that controls the passing of food from the stomach to the small intestines
Pyloric stenosis
81
a genetic/developmental disease of the digestive system; abnormal protrusion of a body part or organ into an area where it’s not normally found. Has three common sites. Hiatel hernia, the stomach protruding into the thoracic cavity.
Hernia
82
Obstruction or Blockage within the digestive system. Blocks the flow of food.
Bile duct Volvulus Intussuception Adhesions
83
Obstruction or Blockage; due to gall stones
bile duct
84
Obstruction or Blockage; a twisting of the intestines
Volvulus
85
Obstruction or Blockage; telescoping of the intestines
Intussuception
86
Obstruction or Blockage; scar tissue which form due to a previous disease or from surgery
Adhesions
87
Postmortem conditions caused by diseases of the digestive sytems
AscitesDehydration/emaciation Rapid decompositionRapid coagulation of bloodJaundice (liver, pancreas) Hemorrhage Purge
88
a postmortem condition caused by disease of the digestive system excess fluids in the peritoneal cavity, causing distention
Ascites
89
a postmortem condition caused by disease of the digestive system; the loss of moisture and tissue. Usually in the face and neck.
Dehydration/emaciation
90
a postmortem condition caused by disease of the digestive system; common side effect
Hemorrhage
91
a postmortem condition caused by disease of the digestive system; indicates liver dysfunction. A shade of yellow or green
Jaundice (liver, pancreas)
92
a postmortem condition caused by disease of the digestive system; the evacuation of any substance after death.
Purge
93
a postmortem condition caused by disease of the digestive system; this will call more blood clots
Rapid coagulation of blood
94
Specific diseases of the respiratory tractInflammatory/degenerative
RhinitisSinusitis Pharyngitis Laryngitis Common cold Tracheitis Bronchitis Bronchial asthma Pneumonia Pleurisy Empyema Tuberculosis (TB) Pneumoconoses Atelectasis Emphysema Lung abscess Fungal disease
95
Specific diseases of the respiratory tractInflammatory/degenerativeinflammation of the nasal mucosa (mucus membrane of the lining of the nasal cavity) nose.
Rhinitis
96
Specific diseases of the respiratory tractInflammatory/degenerativeinflammation of one or more sets of the paranasal sinuses (air spaces) located in bones near the nasal cavity. (near or along the nasal cavities)
Sinusitis
97
Specific diseases of the respiratory tractInflammatory/degenerativeinflammation of the pharynx - a sore throat.
Pharyngitis
98
Specific diseases of the respiratory tractInflammatory/degenerativeinflammation of the larynx or voice box.
Laryngitis
99
Specific diseases of the respiratory tractInflammatory/degenerativeacute coryza - caused by a pneumotroic virus. Most common virus in man.
Common cold
100
Specific diseases of the respiratory tractInflammatory/degenerativeinflammation of the trachea or wind pipe.
Tracheitis
101
Specific diseases of the respiratory tractInflammatory/degenerativeinflammation of one or both of the bronchi (two) or bronchus (one) the passages for air located between the windpipe and lungs. Could be acute or chronic.
Bronchitis
102
Specific diseases of the respiratory tractInflammatory/degenerativea narrowing in the opening for air passage within the bronchi resulting from allergic reactions.
Bronchial asthma
103
Specific diseases of the respiratory tractInflammatory/degenerativethe infection or inflammation of lung tissue itself.
Pneumonia
104
three types of pneumonia
Lobar pneumonia Bronchial pneumonia Viral pneumonia
105
a type of pneumonia; infection confined to one or more lobes of the lung tissue.
Lobar pneumonia
106
a type of pneumonia; infection of the lung tissue that began in the bronchi.
Bronchial pneumonia
107
a type of pneumonia; infection of the lung tissue caused by a virus. A pneumotroic viral infection.
Viral pneumonia
108
Specific diseases of the respiratory tractInflammatory/degenerativeinflammation of the membrane which lines and surrounds the lungs. Excess fluid.
Pleurisy
109
Specific diseases of the respiratory tractInflammatory/degenerativepus in the plural cavity.
Empyema
110
Specific diseases of the respiratory tractInflammatory/degenerativeleading cause of death in 1900; an allergic disease in which a person has to be exposed to twice; can attack any part of the body but usually attacks the lungs.
Tuberculosis
111
the most lethal form of Tuberculosis
Miliary tuberculosis
112
Specific diseases of the respiratory tractInflammatory/degenerativea group of a lung disorders or diseases caused by long term inhalation (breathing) of a single foreign substance. Classified to what your lungs have been exposed to
Pneumoconoses
113
three types of pneumoconoses
Anthracosis Silicosis Asbestosis
114
a type of pneumoconosescoal dust –“coal miner’s disease” or black lung disease.
Anthracosis
115
a type of pneumoconosessilica sand- seen in occupation of sandblaster.
Silicosis
116
a type of pneumoconosescaused by the inhalation of asbestos. (Roofers and brake shop workers)
Asbestosis
117
Specific diseases of the respiratory tractInflammatory/degenerativein infants, failure of the lung tissue to expand at birth. In adulthood, the collapse of a lung due to complete bronchial obstruction
Atelectasis
118
Specific diseases of the respiratory tractInflammatory/degenerativerupture of the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs) caused by a partial or incomplete bronchial obstruction.
Emphysema
119
Specific diseases of the respiratory tractInflammatory/degenerativelocalized collection of pus in the lungs. Usually bacterial in nature.
Lung abscess
120
Specific diseases of the respiratory tractInflammatory/degenerativemany present themselves as an infection of the lungs; example: histoplasmosis
Fungal disease
121
Genetic/developmental diseasesof the respiratory system
Cleft lip/palate Cystic fibrosis
122
Genetic/developmental diseasesof the respiratory system(roof of the mouth) - failure of the lip or cleft tissue to form properly.
Cleft lip/palate
123
Genetic/developmental diseasesof the respiratory systemover secretion of an excessively thick mucus forming in the lower respiratory tract. A hereditary disease
Cystic fibrosis
124
Obstructive diseases of the respiratory tract.
Airway obstruction COPD
125
types of airway obstruction
asphyxia, suffocation, choking
126
an obstruction within the air passageway.
Choking
127
an obstruction from outside the breathing tube.
Asphyxia and suffocation
128
Obstructive disease of the respiratory tract chronic bronchitis and emphysema
chronic obstruction Pulmonary diseaseCOPD
129
Postmortem conditions associated with the diseases of the respiratory system (5)
Cyanosis Emaciation Edema (hydrothorax) Hemorrhage Cavitation
130
Postmortem conditions associated with the diseases of the respiratory systema reddish blue discoloration in the tissue due to a lack of oxygen.
Cyanosis
131
Postmortem conditions associated with the diseases of the respiratory system loss of tissue. Most noticeable in the face and temporal region.
Emaciation
132
Postmortem conditions associated with the diseases of the respiratory systemexcess fluid in the plural cavity or thoracic cavity. Gives the body a barrel-shaped chest appearance.
Edema (hydrothorax)
133
Postmortem conditions associated with the diseases of the respiratory systemthis will cause you to see clotted blood during cavity treatment. May see blood in the septum.Hemoptysis- blood in the sputum
Hemorrhage
134
Postmortem conditions associated with the diseases of the respiratory systemthe presence or formation of spaces or cavities in the lung tissue. Seen in patients with TB.
Cavitation
135
excess fluid in the pleural sacs
pleural effusion
