Pathology Exam

Question 1

thrombus

Answer 1

Formation of solid mass of blood elements that is formed in a narrowed or damaged artery

Question 2

hypertrophy

Answer 2

increased cell size (increased organ size) in response to increased workload

Question 3

hyperplasia

Answer 3

increased cell number and organ size in response to hormones and other growth factors

Question 4

Atrophy

Answer 4

decreased cell size that have diminished functions in response to decreased workload, etc.

Question 5

metaplasia

Answer 5

change in phenotype of differentiated cells in response to chronic irritation

Question 6

dysplasia

Answer 6

abnormal change in cellular shape, size, or organization with the potential to transform into cancerous cells

Question 7

necrosis

Answer 7

progressive disintegration of cell structure that elicits an inflammatory cell response

Question 8

apoptosis

Answer 8

programmed cell death

Question 9

autophagy

Answer 9

self eating, a survival mechanism for times of nutrient deprivation

Question 10

DNA methylation

Answer 10

epigenetic silencing of transcription

Question 11

histone modification

Answer 11

controls chromatin structure and gene transcription

Question 12

non coding RNA

Answer 12

clusters of RNAs that do not have apparent protein coding roles

Question 13

epigenetics

Answer 13

the study of changes in organisms caused by modifications of gene expression

Question 14

imprinted genes

Answer 14

one parental copy of a gene is expressed while the other is suppressed

Question 15

prenatal programming

Answer 15

environmental chemical exposure can dysregulate the epigenome

Question 16

thrombosis

Answer 16

formation of solid mass of blood elements inside vesselsm

Question 17

embolism

Answer 17

a mass circulating through the blood until impacted in small blood vessel

Question 18

ischemia

Answer 18

insufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients to tissues caused by narrowed or blocked arteries

Question 19

infarction

Answer 19

localized area of ischemic tissue necrosis produced by sudden and complete occlusion of arterial supply or venous drainage

Question 20

thick outer wall, small lumen, thick layer of muscles and elastic givers

Answer 20

artery

Question 21

thin later of muscle and elastic fibers, large lumen, thin outer wall

Answer 21

vessel (vein)

Question 22

very small lumen, single layer of cells

Answer 22

capillary

Question 23

lines the interior surface of blood vessels

Answer 23

endothelial cells

Question 24

arteriosclerosis

Answer 24

thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls

Question 25

atherosclerosis

Answer 25

the formation of fibrous plaques with a central core rich in lipid

Question 26

atheroma

Answer 26

reversible accumulation of degenerative tissue in the intima of the arterial wall

Question 27

aneurysm

Answer 27

congenital or acquired dilations of blood vessels of the heart

Question 28

a term used to describe diseases characterized by the abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells

Answer 28

cancer

Question 29

the uncontrolled and progressive growth of cells/tissue

Answer 29

neoplasia

Question 30

new cell/tissue mass, resulting from neoplasia

Answer 30

neoplasm

Question 31

an increase in cell mass that can be either benign or malignant

Answer 31

tumor

Question 32

the spread of cancer cells through the blood or lymphatic system to a secondary site

Answer 32

metasasis

Question 33

a tumor that has not penetrated basement membrane or underlying tissue

Answer 33

non-invasive tumor

Question 34

"good tumor" not cancerous

Answer 34

benign tumor

Question 35

"bad tumor" cancerous

Answer 35

malignant

Question 36

well differentiated, grow slowly, contained, do not metatasisize

Answer 36

characteristics of a benign tumor

Question 37

poorly differentiated, grow quickly, invade local tissue, have potential to metastasize and spread

Answer 37

characteristics of a malignant tumor

Question 38

aetiology

Answer 38

the cause, or set of causes of a disease or condition

Question 39

a mutated gene that has the potential to cause cancer by contributing to neoplastic transformation

Answer 39

oncogenes

Question 40

code for proteins whose role is to stop the progression of the cell cycle to carry out DNA repair

Answer 40

tumor suppressor genes

Question 41

genetic factors (BRCA1 gene), environmental agents, and age

Answer 41

risk factors for cancer

Question 42

persists once inducing stimulus of removed, permanent change in the genome of the cell

Answer 42

characteristics of cancerous cells

Question 43

functions of the male repro system

Answer 43

produced sperm and male sex hormones

Question 44

functions of the female repro system

Answer 44

produced ova, female sex hormones, receives sperm, site of fertilization, expels fetus during birth, etc

Question 45

secrete glucagon to increase blood sugar

Answer 45

alpha cells

Question 46

secrete insulin too decrease blood sugar

Answer 46

beta cells

Question 47

secrete somatostatin to decrease insulin, glucagon, and growth hormones

Answer 47

delta cells

Question 48

facilitated transport of glucose into cells and decreases blood glucose levels

Answer 48

insulin

Question 49

facilitated release of glucose from cells and increases blood glucose levels

Answer 49

glucagon

Question 50

chronic disease occurring when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot use the insulin it produces

Answer 50

diabetes mellitus

Question 51

type 1 diabetes

Answer 51

insulin deficient

Question 52

type 2 diabetes

Answer 52

non-insulin deficient

Question 53

pituitary gland hormones (6)

Answer 53

TSH, ACTH, GH, LH, FSH, and Prolactin