Pathology Endocrine system

Question 1

what are examples of lipid soluble hormones

Answer 1

estrogen, progesterone, glucocorticoids, thyroxine (T4)

Question 2

what are examples of peptide hormones

Answer 2

insulin
GH
epinephrine

Question 3

what is the adenohypophysis

Answer 3

anterior pituitary

derived from Rathke’s pouch (epithelial tissue, ectoderm)

Question 4

anterior pituitary acidophils

Answer 4

GH

prolactin

Question 5

basophils of anterior pituitary

Answer 5

ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH

Question 6

what are the 5 cell types of the anterior pituitary

Answer 6

Somatotrophs- GH
Lactotrophs- prolactin 
Corticotrophs- make ACTH, MSH
Thyrotrophs- TSH
Gonadotrophs- FSH, LH

Question 7

what is the neurohypophysis and what is it formed from

Answer 7

posterior pituitary formed from the outpouching of floor of 3rd ventricle, from diencephalon

Question 8

This

Answer 8

granulomatous thyroiditis

Question 9

These patients have medullary carcinomas of the thyroid, pheochromocytomas, and parathyroid
adenomas.

Answer 9

MEN type II A

Question 10

what receptor signalling pathway do LH, FSH, TSH, Glucagon, PTH, ACTH, GHRH, CRH use

Answer 10

Galpha stimulatory

Stimulates adenylyl cyclase, causing increased cAMP formation

Question 11

what receptor signalling pathways does somatostatin use

Answer 11

G alpha inhibitor

Inhibits adenylyl cyclase, decreasing cAMP formation; opens cardiac K+ channels decreasing heart rate

Question 12

What receptor and signalling pathway does TRH and GnRH use

Answer 12

G alpha q

Activates phospholipase C, increasing production of inositol triphosphate, diacylglycerol, and cytoplasmic Ca2+

Question 13

what type of receptors do GH and prolactin use

Answer 13

Cytokine receptor linked kinase

Lack intrinsic enzyme activity

When occupied, cytokine receptors associate with and activate cytosolic kinases

Question 14

what are the mediators that are stimulated by TSH

Answer 14

thyroxine

triiodothyronine

Question 15

all of the anterior pituitary and hypothalamic hormones act through what type of receptors except two….

Answer 15

1All of these anterior pituitary and hypothalamic hormones act through G protein-coupled receptors exceptgrowth hormoneand prolactin, which act through JAK/STAT receptors.

Question 16

adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, GI (steatorrhea, gallstones) and cardiac effects (sinus bradycardia, conduction disturbances)

Answer 16

somatostatin analogs

Question 17

what is more effective… .somatostatin analogs or pegvisomant

Answer 17

pegvisomant (GH receptor antagonist)

Question 18

MEN I

Answer 18

Pituitary
Parathyroid
Pancreas

Question 19

MEN 2A

Answer 19

Parathyroid
Pheo
Medullary thyroid carcinoma

Question 20

MEN 2B

Answer 20

Pheo
Oral (mucosal neuroma)
Marfanoid
Medullary thyroid carcinoma

Question 21

what happens to potassium levels with diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 21

hyperkalemia

shift from intraceullar to extracellular compartments

Question 22

chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis

primary adrenal insufficiency

mutation in AIRE

childhood presentation

Answer 22

Autoimmune cause of hypoparathryoidism

Question 23

mutation -gain of function- in CASR gene that acts now with heightened Ca sensing leading to decreased PTH, hypocalcemia and increased serum phosphorous

Answer 23

Auto dominant genetic cause of hypoparathyroidism

Question 24

PTH tissue resistance

Answer 24

pseduohypoparathyroidism

Question 25

what does TRH cause the release of

Answer 25

prolactin

TSH

Question 26

2 hour plasma glucose in pre DM following a 75 gm glucose OGTT

Answer 26

140-190

Question 27

pre diabetic HBA1C level

Answer 27

5.7 - 6.4

Question 28

fasting plasma glucose b/w what and what for pre-DM

Answer 28

100-125