Pathology-Duval 4/2/14

Question 1

what is the adenohypophysis derived from

Answer 1

the oral cavity

Question 2

what are the three types of cells the adenohypophysis made up of

Answer 2

basophili, eosinophilic, chromophobic

Question 3

what is the neurohypophysis made up of

Answer 3

pituicytes (glial cells)

axonal processes from hypothalamus

Question 4

what is the most common cause of hyperpitutiatarism

Answer 4

functional neoplasm

Question 5

what are other causes of hyperpituitarism?

Answer 5

hyperplasia, carcinoma, nonpituitary tumor

Question 6

what are some clinical side effects of functional adenoma

Answer 6

bitemporal hemianopsia, erode bone, hermorrhage, increased intracranial pressure, hypopiutarism

Question 7

what is the most common of the functional adenomas

Answer 7

prolactinomas

Question 8

what is the second most common cause of functional adenoma

Answer 8

somatotroph adenoma

Question 9

who will you see prolactinomas in

Answer 9

earlier in premonopausal females
macroadenomas in males,
amenorrhea, galactorrhea, libido, infertility

Question 10

what are the presentations of somatotroph

Answer 10

macroadenomas, gigantism or acromegaly

Question 11

what are the causes of hypopituitarism

Answer 11

ischemic necrosis, radiation ablation, inflammation, nonfunctional adenoma, trauma, meastases, empty sella syndrome

Question 12

what is the cause of empty sella syndrome

Answer 12

chronic herniation of subarachnoid space through defect in diaphragma

Question 13

what is the etiology of SIADH

Answer 13

small cell lung cancer, other lung diseases, local injury

Question 14

what are features of SIADH

Answer 14

hyponatremia, cerebal edema

Question 15

what is the thyroid gland made from

Answer 15

follicular epitherlim and C-cells

Question 16

what is the cause of thyrotoxicosis

Answer 16

hypermetabolic state due to elevated free thyroid hormones

Question 17

what is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism

Answer 17

graves disease

Question 18

what is the clinical triad of graves disease

Answer 18

throtoxicosis, exopthalmos, pretibial myxedema (swelling/ waxy skin

Question 19

what is nonspecific lymphocytic thyroiditis

Answer 19

incidential finding in middle aged females
HLA DR5
features transient thyrotoxicosis due to incereased hormone release
increased free hormones, decreased TSH, decreased uptake

Question 20

what is the morphology of hasimotos thyroiditis

Answer 20

diffuse symmetric enlargment
mononuclear cell infiltrate
hurthle cells 
variable fibrosis
reduced free hormone increase TSH

Question 21

What is the features of subacute granulomatous thyroiditis

Answer 21

acute onset and self limited
pain, fever, malaise
elevated EBC, ESR
found in young to middle aged females with antecedent viral infection

Question 22

what is the most common subtype of carcinoma

Answer 22

papillary
associated with ionizing radiation
orphan annie eyes are characteristic

Question 23

follicular carcinoma

Answer 23

second most common thyroid cancer
NOT an adenoma
cold nodule

Question 24

what is the morphology of medullary carcinoma

Answer 24

middle aged to elderly
degenerative changes
spindle of polygonal cells
amyloid deposits
cacitonin positive
C cell hyperplasia