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MD1 2016 - Abdominal > Pathology Definitions (from Glossary) 2016 > Flashcards

Pathology Definitions (from Glossary) 2016 Flashcards

1
Q

Abscess

A

a collection of pus in an organ or tissue

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2
Q

Cellular adaptation

A

reversible cellular change occurring in response to environmental stress.

Each type of cellular adaptation may be classified as pathological or physiological

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3
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

a malignant neoplasm showing histological features of glandular or secretory epithelium

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4
Q

Adenoma

A

a benign neoplasm showing histological features of glandular or secretoryepithelium.

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5
Q

Aetiology

A

the cause of a disease.

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6
Q

Alcoholic hepatitis

A

acute hepatitis induced by alcohol. A characteristic feature is the formation of Mallory bodies within the cytoplasm of injured hepatocytes.

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7
Q

Amorphous

A

lacking in cellular or tissue detail

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8
Q

Amphophilic

A

staining with both basic and acid dyes

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9
Q

Amyloids

A

abnormal proteins that form extracellular deposits that are resistant to proteolytic breakdown.

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10
Q

Anaemia

A

deficiency of red blood cells or haemoglobin in the blood.

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11
Q

Anaplasia

A

literally, to form backward.

A feature of malignant neoplasms, referring to loss of differentiation in relation to the tumour’s normal tissue counterpart.

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12
Q

Aneurysm

A

localised dilatation of the wall of an artery or of the heart, usually of the left ventricle.

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13
Q

Anoxia

A

complete deprivation of oxygen

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14
Q

Anthracosis

A

the presence of inhaled particles of coal dust in the lung that are engulfed by pulmonary macrophages and transported along lymphatic channels to lymph nodes in the hilum.

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15
Q

Apoptosis

A

regulated cell death affecting single cells in response to a variety of pathological and physiological stimuli.

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16
Q

Ascites

A

abnormal excessive fluid in the peritoneal cavity

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17
Q

Assman focus

A

focus of granulomatous inflammation in the apex of the lung seen in secondary tuberculosis.

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18
Q

Atheroembolus

A

an embolus originating from an atherosclerotic plaque, composed of lipid-rich debris

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19
Q

Atrophy

A

reduction in size of an organ, tissue or cell.

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20
Q

Barrett’s oesophagus

A

metaplasia of the stratified squamous epithelium in the lower oesophagus to simple columnar epithelium occurring in response to gastric reflux. Intraepithelial neoplasia (dysplasia) may develop in Barrett’s esophagus and give rise to adenocarcinoma. Patients with Barrett’s oesophagus undergo regular, lifelong endoscopic surveillance.

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21
Q

Basophilic

A

staining blue—purple due to avidity for the haematoxylin component of the H&E stain

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22
Q

Benign

A

a neoplasm which grows by non-destructive expansion and remains localised to its site of origin.

can be cured by local excision.

Histologically, closely resemble their cell of origin with normal or only mildly abnormal nuclei and low mitotic activity.

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23
Q

Biopsy

A

removal of tissue from the body during life for the purpose of pathological analysis

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24
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

a chronic inflammatory disease of the lung characterised by irreversible dilatation of
bronchi, and associated with recurrent or chronic pulmonary bacterial infections

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25
Q

Bronchiolitis

A

inflammation of bronchioles due to viral
infections and atypical bacterial pathogens such as mycoplasma.

Viral bronchiolitis is common in childhood.

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26
Q

Bulla

A

a large fluid—filled blister in the skin; a large cystically dilated airspace in the lung.

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27
Q

Calcification

A

the abnormal deposition of calcium in tissue.

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28
Q

Calculus

A

a stone forming inside the gallbladder or the urinary tract.

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29
Q

Carcinoid tumour

A

tumours showing histological features of neuroendocrine cells.

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30
Q

Carcinoma

A

a malignant tumour showing histological features of epithelium.

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31
Q

Carcinoma in-situ

A

an epithelial proliferation with the cytological characteristics of malignancy, but which
has not yet invaded beyond the epithelial basement membrane into underlying tissues.

benign and do not have the ability to metastasise.

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32
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

compression of the heart by accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac.

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33
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

grossly appears white, soft and cheese-like microscopically appears pink and granular with fragmented nuclei and no cellular detail.

seen in tuberculosis

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34
Q

Cerebral infarction

A

necrosis of cerebral tissue due to loss of blood supply.

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35
Q

Choledocholithiasis

A

calculi in the bile ducts.

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36
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

calculi in the gallbladder

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37
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

persistent cough productive of sputum for at least 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years.

Histologically characterised by an increase in the Reid index (ratio of the thickness of the bronchial mucous glands to the thickness of the bronchial wall from the epithelium to the cartilage).

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38
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

a term that incorporates both emphysema and chronic

bronchitis, the features of which commonly overlap.

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39
Q

Cirrhosis

A

a state of abnormal liver anatomy where regenerating hepatocytes form nodules that are completely surrounded by fibrous bands (septa).

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40
Q

Clotting of blood

A

process of haemostasis after haemorrhage, or

solidification of blood in the vascular tree after death.

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41
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

a pattern of necrosis seen in infarcts.

Microscopically, appears as “ghost cells”, that have lost nuclei and cytoplasmic detail, but the overall tissue
architecture is retained.

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42
Q

Congestion (vascular)

A

engorgement of a vascular bed with blood. Congested tissues appear grossly red

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43
Q

Consolidation

A

solidification of lung tissue, sometimes due to accumulation of inflammatory exudate within
the alveoli as a feature of bacterial pneumonia.

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44
Q

Cor pulmonale

A

isolated right ventricular failure arising as a result of pulmonary hypertension

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45
Q

Cribriform

A

growth pattern seen in carcinomas, where a group of tumour cells are perforated by round glandular spaces so as to resemble a sieve

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46
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

one of the two forms of chronic inflammatory bowel disease

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47
Q

Cryptogenic/idiopathic

A

of unknown cause

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48
Q

Cyst

A

an abnormal enclosed epithelial-lined sac that contains material secreted by the epithelium.

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49
Q

Cytokeratins

A

structural proteins present in epithelial cells.

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50
Q

Cytokine

A

small secreted proteins involved in cell signalling including in inflammation, immune responses
and haematopoiesis.

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51
Q

Cytology

A

the appearance or features of individual cells

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52
Q

Desmoplasia

A

fibrous tissue which forms in response to tissue invasion by a malignant tumour.

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53
Q

Differentiation

A

The process by which a cell becomes more specialised

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54
Q

Arterial dissection

A

the passage of blood into the wall of an artery via a tear in the intima, most commonly occurring in the thoracic aorta.
The blood creates a false passage in the outer media, which is split into two layers.

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55
Q

Diverticulitis

A

acute inflammation of a diverticulum

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56
Q

Diverticulum

A

localised out-pouching of mucosa through the wall of a hollow organ.

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57
Q

Dysplasia

A

disordered growth of cells or tissue

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58
Q

Ectopic

A

wrongly situated

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59
Q

Effusion

A

accumulation of fluid within a space or body cavity e.g. the pleural or pericardial cavity or joint
space.

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60
Q

Embolism

A

a mass of material carried within the vascular system.

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61
Q

Emphysema

A

destruction of lung tissue distal to the terminal bronchioles without fibrosis.

A disease of smokers.

Alpha—1—antitrypsin deficiency is a rare cause.

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62
Q

Empyema

A

accumulation of pus within the pleural cavity

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63
Q

Epithelioid

A

to resemble an epithelial cell

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64
Q

Erosion

A

a partial thickness breach of a mucosal layer.

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65
Q

Exudate

A

a fluid rich in protein and often cells, exuding from abnormally permeable vessels in response to
inflammation or injury.

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66
Q

Fat necrosis

A

death of fatty tissue occurring in response to enzymes released in acute inflammation, pancreatitis, or trauma.

bright yellow macroscopic appearance and is prone to calcification, producing chalky white deposits.

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67
Q

Fibrin

A

an insoluble protein, derived from fibrinogen, formed in the process of haemostasis andthrombosis
and present in acute inflammatory exudates.

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68
Q

Fibrinoid

A

resembling fibrin, deeply eosinophilic

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69
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis

A

necrosis of blood vessels (including glomerular vessels) associated with deposition of intensely eosinophilic proteinaceous material.

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70
Q

Fibrinous exudate

A

the fibrin rich exudate which forms on the serosal surface of inflamed organs.

dull, shaggy or stringy appearance

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71
Q

Fibroadenoma

A

a benign neoplasm of breast fibroepithelial tissue

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72
Q

Fibrosis

A

the formation of scar tissue in the processes of wound healing or chronic inflammation.

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73
Q

Fistula

A

an abnormal communication between two hollow organs, between a hollow organ and the skin,
between two blood vessels, or between a blood vessel and a hollow organ

74
Q

Gangrene

A

necrosis of tissue with putrefaction (decomposition).

75
Q

Giant cells

A

large multinucleated macrophages forming in response to certain stimuli, such as foreign material, insoluble material or pathogens.

76
Q

Ghon complex

A

the lesions of primary pulmonary tuberculosis, consisting of an area of inflammation (granulomas and caseation) in the peripheral mid zone of the lung and enlarged, caseating hilar lymph nodes.

77
Q

Ghon focus

A

the area of inflammation in the periphery of the lung, classically seen in primary pulmonary
tuberculosis.

78
Q

Grading (of neoplastic lesions)

A

a histological assessment of the degree to which neoplastic cells resemble normal cells i.e. degree of differentiation.

79
Q

Granulation tissue

A

the tissue of healing resulting in the formation of scar tissue that forms in response to inflammation, thrombosis and necrosis.

80
Q

Granuloma

A

Histological description of a well-circumscribed collection of epithelioid macrophages +/- multinucleate giant cells

81
Q

Granulomatous inflammation

A

specific type of chronic inflammation characterised by presence of epithelioid macrophages +/- multinucleate giant cells +/- necrosis.

form of cell—mediated immune response that develops in response to agents that are difficult or impossible to eradicate, such as foreign bodies and mycobacterium tuberculosis.

82
Q

Haematemesis

A

vomiting of blood

83
Q

Haematoma

A

a localised mass of blood outside the vascular tree.

84
Q

Haemoptysis

A

coughing up of blood.

85
Q

Haemorrhage

A

the abnormal presence of blood outside the vascular tree.

results from trauma to a vessel wall, or some form of
vessel wall abnormality leading to rupture.

86
Q

Haemosiderin

A

a granular, brown substance containing iron, seen within macrophages, formed from the breakdown of haemoglobin in the tissue

87
Q

Haemothorax

A

the presence of blood in the pleural cavity

88
Q

Acute hepatitis

A

defined clinically as elevation of serum ALT (or AST) for

89
Q

Chronic hepatitis

A

defined clinically as elevation of ALT (or AST)
for a period of greater than 6 months

defined pathologically as the presence of portal and periportal inflammation (interface hepatitis) and fibrosis.

90
Q

steatohepatitis

A

hepatitis associated with fatty change (steatosis), hepatocellular ballooning degeneration (severe swelling) and, in severe cases, formation of Mallory bodies.

91
Q

Hepatocellular adenoma

A

a benign neoplasm of hepatocytes

92
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

a malignant neoplasm showing hepatocytic differentiation

93
Q

Hyaline

A

a microscopic appearance described as glassy and eosinophilic.

94
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

an increase in the amount of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium, usually associated with dilatation of the ventricular system and commonly causing increased intracranial pressure.

95
Q

Hyperchromasia

A

the property of being dark staining (“hyperchromatic”), usually used to describe the nuclei of malignant cells which contain excess nuclear DNA and so stain intensely with haematoxylin.

96
Q

Hyperplasia

A

an adaptive change characterised by an increase in cell number.

97
Q

Hypertrophy

A

an adaptive change characterised by an increase in cell size.

98
Q

Hypoplasia

A

incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ ortissue.

99
Q

Hypoxia

A

deficiency of oxygen in tissues

100
Q

Idiopathic

A

of unknown cause (also called cryptogenic).

101
Q

Induration

A

hardening to palpation, caused by inflammation or infiltration by aneoplastic population.

102
Q

Infarction

A

death of tissue due to reduction or loss of blood supply.

103
Q

Acute Inflammation

A

the host response occurring in the first 24-48 hours after injury. There is vascular dilatation leading to increased blood flow, increased vascular permeability leading to exudation of protein-rich fluid, and the migration of neutrophils into the tissue leading to a cellular exudate.

104
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A

the host response to a prolonged or persistent stimulus characterised by predominantly mononuclear inflammation (lymphocytes and plasma cells) and fibrosis.

105
Q

Interface hepatitis

A

death of hepatocytes at the interface with connective tissue of the portal tracts, associated with lymphoplasmacytic inflammation.

pathological hallmark of chronic hepatitis but is not specific for it.

106
Q

Ischaemia

A

reduction or loss of blood supply leading to deprivation of oxygen and nutrients. Leads to tissue necrosis if of sufficient duration.

107
Q

Koilocyte

A

an abnormal squamous cell seen in the mid-upper epithelium with infection by HPV.

Typically has a clear halo around an irregular, raisin—like nucleus. May be binucleate.

108
Q

Left shift

A

the appearance of immature neutrophils (myelocytes and metamyelocytes) in the peripheral blood.

109
Q

Leukaemia

A

malignant neoplastic proliferation of haematolymphoid cells, mostly at a precursor stage.

110
Q

Lipofuscin

A

an intracellular granular yellow-brown pigment occurring as a result of lysosomal breakdown of
cellular components related to ageing.

111
Q

Liquefactive (necrosis)

A

the pattern of necrosis typical of cerebral infarction and also in association with abundant neutrophils with the formation of pus.

As a result of enzymatic digestion, the necrotic tissue
liquefies leading to the formation of a fluid—filled pace.

112
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

enlargement of lymph nodes

113
Q

Lymphoma

A

a neoplasm of cells showing lymphoid differentiation

114
Q

Malignant (neoplasm)

A

a neoplasm which infiltrates

115
Q

Mesothelioma

A

a malignant tumour showing mesothelial differentiation.

116
Q

Metaplasia

A

the replacement of one cell type by another in response to an environmental stress.

117
Q

Metastasis

A

Growth of secondary malignant tumour at a site separate from the primary tumour from which it arose

118
Q

Atypical mitosis

A

an abnormally configured mitotic figure

119
Q

Monoclonal

A

tumour or cellular proliferation derived from a single cell.

120
Q

Morphology

A

the form or structure of organs, tissues and cells.

121
Q

Myeloma (multiple myeloma)

A

malignant tumour of plasma cells.

122
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

death of cardiac myocytes due to reduction or loss of blood supply.

123
Q

Necrosis

A

death of tissue.

124
Q

Neoplasm

A

an abnormal proliferation of genetically altered cells which have escaped normal physiological control.

125
Q

Oedema

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in cells and tissues.

126
Q

Oncocyte

A

epithelial cell with pink granular cytoplasm due to the presence of many mitochondria.

127
Q

Organisation

A

ingrowth of granulation tissue to form scar tissue.

128
Q

Papillary

A

forming finger—like projections, used to describe the arrangement of epithelial cells in
projections around fine vascular cores.

129
Q

Papilloma

A

a benign neoplasm of squamous epithelial cells

130
Q

Paraneoplastic syndrome

A

complications of malignant neoplasms that do not relate to the presence of the primary tumour, metastases or hormones that are normally produced by the tissue type of the tumour.

131
Q

Pathogenesis

A

how a disease arises

132
Q

Pathognomonic

A

feature so characteristic of a particular disease that it is sufficient to make the diagnosis.

133
Q

Penetration

A

a pathological defect in the wall of a hollow viscus that extends into deeper tissues, typically relating to an ulcer.

134
Q

Peptic ulcer

A

an ulcer, usually occurring in the stomach or duodenum, as a result of impaired mucosal
defence and injury from acid or pepsin (most commonly related to Helicobacter pylori infection or ingestion of
non—steroidal anti—inflammatory drugs).

135
Q

Perforation

A

a pathological defect in the wall of a hollow viscus (typically caused by necrosis such as in
peptic ulcers, acute inflammation or malignancies) that extends through into another space.

136
Q

Petechia

A

a pin-point haemorrhage resulting from injury to small vessels and is non blanching

137
Q

Pleomorphism

A

a descriptive term referring to variation in

size and shape of cells and nuclei

138
Q

Pneumoconiosis

A

lung disease caused by the inhalation of dusts, most often in an occupational setting

139
Q

Pneumonia

A

inflammation of the lung, often restricted in common usage to infectious causes.

140
Q

Polyclonal

A

cellular proliferation derived from multiplecells.

141
Q

Polyp

A

a descriptive term referring to a discrete elevation of a mucosal surf

142
Q

Pott’s disease

A

tuberculosis of the spine.

143
Q

Pseudocyst

A

a fluid filled cavity that may form in acute pancreatitis.

144
Q

Purpura

A

red or purple patches >3mm size on the skin caused by bleeding from small blood vessels.

145
Q

Purulent

A

containing pus

146
Q

Pus

A

inflammatory exudate accumulating in response to certain types of bacterial infection, composed of
necrotic cellular debris and neutrophil polymorphs both living and dead.

147
Q

Pyogenic

A

pus forming

148
Q

Regeneration

A

the replication of cells to replace those lost following injury

149
Q

Repair

A

the process by which damaged or destroyed tissue is replaced by scar tissue, when resolution is not
possible, usually either because the injured cells are unable to divide or because the connective tissue
framework has been too severely disrupted.

150
Q

Resolution

A

the return to normal structure and function of a tissue after injury. This requires that any injured cells can divide and that the connective tissue structure is not severely disrupted.

151
Q

Sarcoma

A

a malignant tumour showing features of cells derived from mesenchymal tissues.

152
Q

Sclerosis

A

induration or hardening, often due to deposition of connective tissue

153
Q

Stage

A

the extent to which a tumour has progressed through its natural history, expressed in termsof
anatomical spread. Stage is assigned using the TNM (tumour, nodes, metastases) system

154
Q

Steatosis (macrovesicular)

A

a form of reversible cell injury characterised by the accumulation of large triglyceride droplets in hepatocytes

155
Q

Steatosis (microvesicular)

A

an uncommon pathological change which is sometimes fatal

156
Q

Suppuration

A

production of pus

157
Q

Teratoma

A

a neoplasm containing tissue from all three layers of the embryo; a form of germ cell tumour.

158
Q

Thrombus

A

a clotted mass of blood that forms within the cardiovascular system, i.e. within a blood vessel or the heart, during life.

159
Q

Transudate

A

extracellular fluid with low protein and cell content, arising from increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.

160
Q

Tubercle

A

a small nodule caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Histologically, tuberclesare
granulomas usually containing a central area of caseous necrosis approximately 2mm in diameter.Tubercles fuse together to produce progressively larger areas of necrotising granulomatous inflammation.

161
Q

Tuberculosis

A

chronic bacterial infection by the organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

162
Q

Ulcer

A

a full thickness breach of a mucosal surface or of the epidermis.

163
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

one of the two forms of idiopathic chronic inflammatory bowel disease

characterised by colonic mucosal inflammation extending proximally in a continuous fashion from an involved rectum.

164
Q

Varix

A

a dilated vein.

165
Q

Villous

A

finger-like projections, typically used to describe the arrangement of epithelial cells in projections around fine vascular cores.

166
Q

What are the 4 types of cellular adaptation?

A

hypertrophy (increased cell size)
hyperplasia (increased cell number)
metaplasia (the replacement of one cell type by another)
atrophy (reduction in size of cells, tissues or
organs).

167
Q

What are the two most common forms of amyloid?

A

1) AL amyloid composed of immunoglobulin light chains produced by plasma cell neoplasms such as multiple myeloma and
2) AA amyloid composed of serum amyloid—associated protein produced in increased amounts by the liver in chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis

168
Q

Why does both the pulmonary lymphatics and lymph nodes appear black to the naked eye?

A

Collection of carbon in macrophages of city dwellers or coal miners

169
Q

Dilated veins in the anorectal region

A

haemorrhoids.

170
Q

Causes of bronchiectasis

A

Bronchial obstruction by tumour, tuberculosis or mucus in cystic fibrosis causing recurrent necrotising
infections.

171
Q

Consequences of cardiac tamponade

A

impairs

cardiac filling and thus cardiac output

172
Q

dystrophic Calcification

A

occurring in necrotic, inflamed or otherwise damaged tissue

173
Q

metastatic calficiation

A

secondary calcification to hypercalcaemia

174
Q

common cause of cerebral infarction

A

thromboembolism

175
Q

What type of necrosis do cerebral infarcts undergo?

A

liquefactive

176
Q

What is a nonspecific feature of end stage liver disease?

A

cirrhosis

177
Q

What are some causes of cirrhosis?

A 
alcohol
viral hepatitis B and C
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
autoimmune hepatitis
primary biliary cirrhosis
primary sclerosing cholangitis
haemochromatosis 
Wilson’s disease
178
Q

What is the most common part of the GI tract that Crohn’s disease affect?

A

ileum and the colon

179
Q

hallmark pathological features of Crohn’s disease?

A

transmural inflammation
deep ulcers with a fissuring quality
formation of granulomas

180
Q

Where are diverticulum most commonly found?

A

sigmoid colon

181
Q

What are the components of granulation tissue?

A

capillaries, fibroblasts, varying amounts of collagen over time, and inflammatory cells.

MD1 2016 - Abdominal (5 decks)

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