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MRCS B > Pathology Definitions > Flashcards

Pathology Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Define infective endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the endocardial surface of the heart and valves, due to certain micro-organisms

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2
Q

Define ulcerative colitis

A

Inflammatory bowel disease affecting the colon in the form of colitis, with characteristic ulcers

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3
Q

Define proto-oncogene

A

Normal cellular gene whose products promote cell proliferation

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4
Q

Define oncogene

A

Mutated or over expressed proto-oncogenes, which function autonomously, having lost dependence on normal growth promoting signals

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5
Q

Define tumour suppressor gene

A

Normal gene whose absence can lead to development of cancer, as they act as gatekeepers which inhibit proliferation, or promote cell death of cells with damaged DNA

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6
Q

Define FAP

A

Autosomal dominant condition, characterised by loss of APC tumour suppressor gene, leading to development of hundreds of colonic polyps, with 100% risk of cancer by the age of 30yrs

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7
Q

Define endometriosis

A

Ectopic endometrial tissue outside the uterus

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8
Q

Define dysplasia

A

Disordered cellular development characterised by increased mitoses and pleomorphism WITHOUT ability to invade the basement membrane

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9
Q

Define abscess

A

Local collection of pus cells surrounded by fibrous or granulation tissue
May be caused by seeding of pyogenic organisms into a tissue, or secondary infection of necrotic foci

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10
Q

Define pus

A

Collection of neutrophils with dead or dying micro-organisms

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11
Q

Define ulcer

A

Lesion of skin or mucous membrane due to gradual disintegration of surface epithelial cells

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12
Q

Define healing by secondary intention

A

Secondary healing due to re-epithelialisation and contraction

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13
Q

Define giant cell

A

Multinucleated cells derived from the fusion of multiple activated macrophages to form a granuloma

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14
Q

Define contact tracing

A

Identification and diagnosis of persons who may have come into contact with an infected person

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15
Q

Define granuloma

A

Organised collection of macrophages fusing to form langerhans giant cells. Often formed when immune system attempts to wall off substances that it identifies as foreign, but is unable to eliminate

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16
Q

Define ARDS

A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Diffuse alveolar damage + lung capillary endothelial injury

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17
Q

Define malignant melanoma

A

Malignant neoplasm of melanocytes

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18
Q

Define immune checkpoint inhibitors

A

Antibodies which interfere with function of proteins on T-lymphocytes, causing cytotoxic T-cell responsiveness. Used to stabilise metastatic disease

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19
Q

Define HER2

A

Transmembrane epidermal growth factor
Overexpressed in 15% Breast Ca
Associated with bad prognosis
Treated with Herceptin (Trastuzumab)

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20
Q

Define H pylori

A

Gram negative microaerophilic spiral bacteria found in the stomach

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21
Q

Define frozen section

A

Pathological laboratory procedure to perform rapid microscopic analysis of a specimen, often intra-operatively

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22
Q

Define crypto-orchidism

A

Complete or partial failure of the intra-abdominal testes to descend into scrotal sac
Associated with testicular dysfunction and increased risk of ca

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23
Q

Define metastasis

A

Survival and growth of cells distant from their primary origin

24
Q

Define choriocarcinoma

A

Highly metastatic form of testicular ca
Composed of syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts
Tumour marker β-hCG

25
Q

Define multiple myeloma

A

Plasma cell neoplasm, associated hypercalcaemia, renal failure, anaemia and lytic bone lesions
Produces large amount of IgA + IgG

26
Q

Define bence jones proteins

A

Monoclonal globulin proteins or immunoglobulin light chains found in the urine
Present in 2/3rds of multiple myeloma cases

27
Q

Define gangrene

A

Type of necrosis characterised by critically insufficient blood supply

28
Q

Define necrosis

A

‘Accidental’ and unregulated cell death resulting to damage to cell membranes and loss of ion homeostasis

29
Q

Define atherosclerosis

A

Pathological process of the vasculature, in which artery walls become thickened due to accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol

30
Q

Define thrombus

A

Solid material formed from the constituents of blood, within flowing blood

31
Q

Define DIC

A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Pathological consumptive coagulopathy
Due to activation of coagulation and fibrinolytic systems
Leading to widespread haemorrhage and formation of micro thrombi in many organs, with the consumption of clotting factors and platelets

32
Q

Define group cross matching

A

Testing of donor red cells against recipient serum

To detect incompatibility in which antibodies in recipient cause haemolysis of donor cells

33
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells in tissue or organ in response to a stimulus

34
Q

Define two hit hypothesis

A

Most loss-of function mutations in tumour suppressor genes are RECESSIVE
In order for a cell to become cancerous, BOTH the cells tumour suppressor genes must be mutated

35
Q

Define telomere

A

Region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at each end of chromosome, which protects the end of the chromosome from degradation or from fusion with neighbouring chromosome

36
Q

Define apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

37
Q

Define Mohs micrographic surgery

A

Serial tangential horizontal sections are taken and examined histologically until all margins are clear

38
Q

Define pleomorphic

A

More than one distinct form of a natural object = histological diversity

39
Q

Define cytology

A

Study of CELLULAR structure and function

40
Q

Define histology

A

Study of TISSUE under a microscope

41
Q

Define sequestrum

A

A piece of dead bone that has become separated from surrounding bone, during process of necrosis
Sequelae of osteomyelitis

42
Q

Define involucrum

A

Reactive lamellar bone depositions forming shell of living tissue around sequestrum

43
Q

Define haemolysis

A

Rupture/lysis of RBCs and release of their contents into surrounding fluid

44
Q

Define Barrett’s oesophagus

A

Metaplasia of stratified squamous oesophageal epithelia to gastric columnar epithelia

45
Q

Define troponin

A

Complex of 3 regulatory proteins (Trop C, I, T) that is integral to muscle contraction
Cardiac and skeletal muscle

46
Q

Define IHC

A

Immunohistochemistry
Method of localising specific antigens in tissues or cells based on antigen-antibody recognition
Antibodies linked to enzyme or fluorescent dye

47
Q

Define carcinoma

A

Type of cancer originating in epithelial cells

48
Q

Define melanosis coli

A

Disorder of pigmentation of the wall of the colon

Benign, may have no significant correlation with disease

49
Q

Define adenoma

A

Benign tumour formed from glandular structures in epithelial tissue

50
Q

Define haemorrhoids

A

Swollen or inflamed anal cushions

51
Q

Define cellulitis

A

Spreading bacterial infection of the skin affecting the dermis and subcutaneous fat
Characterised by warmth, swelling, pain and erythema

52
Q

Define GIST

A

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour
Most common mesenchymal tumour of abdomen, usually in stomach
Arise from benign pacemaker cells (interstitial cells of Cajal)
Due to mutation in tyrosine kinase cKIT oncogene and PDGFRA (platelet derived growth factor receptor α)

53
Q

Define CD117

A

cKIT
Transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor
Marker of GIST

54
Q

Define adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant tumour formed from glandular tissue in epithelial tissue

55
Q

Define emphysema

A

Abnormal permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles
Destruction of alveolar walls
WITHOUT obvious fibrosis

56
Q

Define HCV

A

Hepatitis C

Infectious disease caused by hepatitis C virus, primarily affecting the liver

57
Q

Define retrovirus

A

Type of virus that inserts a copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of its host cell that it invades, changing the genome of that cell

MRCS B (8 decks)

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