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Pathology (Cell & Tissue Damage) Flashcards

1
Q

This is the study (logos) of suffering/diseases and involves basic medical sciences and clinical practice

A

Pathology

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2
Q

It investigates the causes of the disease and the mechanism

A

Pathology

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3
Q

Refers to the study of the cause of the disease

A

Etiology

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4
Q

Give the genetic categories of etiological agents
(G, I, C, R, M, M)

A

 Geneticabnormalities
 Infectiveagents
 chemical
 radiation
 mechanical trauma
 malnutrition

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5
Q

Is a mechanism of the disease which etiology operates to produce the pathological and clinical manifestation

A

Pathogenesis

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6
Q

Examples of Pathogenesis
(I, D, I)

A

Inflammation, degeneration, immune response

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7
Q

Refers to the process of attempting to determine or identify a possible disease or disorder

A

Diagnosis

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8
Q

Refers to the expected outcome of a disease.

A

Prognosis

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9
Q

is the onset of the disease in a person who is already coping with another existing disease

A

Complication

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10
Q

Disease A caused disease B
Complication or Sequalae

A

Sequalae

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11
Q

unwanted outcomes of having disease or are the result of trauma

A

Sequalae

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12
Q

Are the signs and symptoms or evidence of disease

A

Clinical Manifestation

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13
Q

objective alteration that can be observe or measured by another person

A

Signs

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14
Q

subjective experiences reported by the person,
complains such as pain, nausea, vomiting etc

A

Symptoms

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15
Q

Is the study of tracking patterns of diseases occurrence and transmission among populations and by geographic areas.

A

Epidemiology

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16
Q

is the number of new cases occurring in specific time of period

A

Incidence of a disease

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17
Q

is the number of existing cases within a populations during the specific time of period.

A

Prevalence of a disease

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18
Q

Shrinkage of the size of the cells by the lost of the cells substance

A

Atrophy

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19
Q

Increase the size of the cells and consequently the size of the organs

A

Hypertrophy

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20
Q

Increase the number of cells in an organ or tissue. (increase rate of cellular division)

A

Hyperplasia

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21
Q

Is a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another cell type.

A

Metaplasia

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22
Q

Seen in smokers

A

Metaplasia

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23
Q

Abnormal change in the size, shape and organization of mature cells that is strongly associated with common neoplastic growth

A

Dysplasia

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24
Q

Cell injury:
Cell degeneration

A

Nonlethal injury

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25
Cell injury: Necrosis
Lethal injury
26
Manifested as a abnormality of biochemical function, structural changes or combination.
Cell degeneration
27
Its reversible but may become irreversible (necrosis/apoptosis) and may produce clinical disease
Cell degeneration
28
This is an irreversible type of cell injury
Necrosis
29
Cell injury that is accompanied with by biochemical and morphological changes
Necrosis
30
Stages of necrosis _________: morphologically normal
Early changes
31
Stages of necrosis __________: pyknosis
Nuclear changes
32
Where chromatin clumps into coarse strands, nucleus become shrunken
Pyknosis
33
_________: denaturation of cytoplasmic protein
Cytoplasmic changes
34
Type of necrosis that typically occur in solid organ like heart, kidney & adrenal glands
Coagulative necrosis
35
Type of necrosis that normally occurs in CNS which affects neuron and neuroglia cells & is Associated with focal bacterial and fungus infections
Liquefaction necrosis
36
Caseous means?
cheese like appearance
37
Type of necrosis that is associated with tuberculous pulmonary
Caseous necrosis
38
Type of necrosis that occur in pancreas, breast and other abdominal structures caused by lipases enzymes which break down triglycerides (lipid) into fatty acids and glycerol
Fat necrosis
39
Type of necrosis that is an Extensive tissue necrosis Divide into two; dry and wet
Gangrenous necrosis
40
occurs in extremities as a results of ischemic coagulative necrosis due to arterial obstruction
Dry
41
occurs in extremities and internal organ as a results of liquefactive necrosis due to bacterial infection
Wet
42
necrotic tissue infected by Clostridium perfringens
Gas
43
Enumerate the causes of cell injury
 Oxygen deprivation  Chemical agents  Infectious agents  Immunologic reactions  Genetic defects  Nutritional imbalances  Physical agents  Aging
44
What do you call oxygen deficiency
Hypoxia
45
Is the lost/lack of blood supply (due to arterial blockage or reduce venous drainage)
Ischemia
46
How does chemical agents cause cell death?
By: Altering membrane permeability Altering osmotic homeostasis Altering integrity of an enzyme
47
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, helminths are what agents?
Infectious
48
immunity against its own tissues
Autoimmunedisease
49
What do you call Abnormalities to the genomes
Mutation
50
is associated with missing, or irregularities or extra in portion of chromosomal DNA
Genetic defects
51
Cause by directly or indirectly lack of essential nutrients (malnutrition) Or it maybe related to excessive of food intake (Diabetic Mellitus)
Nutritional imbalance
52
Trauma,extremesoftemperature,radiation(burns),electrical shock all have wide ranging effects on cells
Physical agents
53
pathway of cell death that is induced by a tightly regulated suicide program in which cells destined to die activate enzymes capable of degrading the cells' own nuclear DNA and nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins
Apoptosis
54
coordinated and internally programmed cell death
Apoptosis
55
Apoptotic cell remnants become target for _____
phagocytes
56
Cell death that Rapidly cleared and does not illicit inflammation
Apoptosis
57
Pathway of apoptosis where it Increase in permeability of mitochondrial membrane to pro-apoptotic substances
Intrinsic pathway
58
Intrinsic pathway is also known as
MitochondrialPathway
59
Major Mechanism of apoptosis in all ________
mammalian cells
60
Apoptosis pathway where it is Initiated by engagement of plasma membrane death receptors in cells
Extrinsic pathway
61
What family of proteins control the process of Apoptosis
BCL2/ B-Cell Lymphoma
62
proteins that keep the membranes of Mitochondria,ER and Cytosol intact
Anti-Apoptotic
63
Proteins that promotes mitochondrial permeability
Pro-apoptotic proteins
64
It Forms channel in the mitochondrial membrane,allowing leakage of cytochrome C to the cytosol
Pro-apoptotic proteins
65
Acts to sense cellular stress and damage
Sensors
66
Often seen in cancer cells
Evasion of apoptosis
67
happens when Abnormalities are present in both pathways
Evasion of apoptosis
68
True or false: Constant signaling of Cellular Growth Hormones is not necessary to prevent apoptosis
Very false like you
69
Apoptotic bodies form and are quickly engulfed by phagocytes
Removal of apoptotic cells
70
Is also known as inflammatory cell death
Necroptosis
71
Is programmed necrosis
Necroptosis
72
Mechanism of necroptosis
Anti-viral mechanism
73
Programmed CellDeath accompanying the release of Pyrogens
Pyroptosis
74
Cell death that is activated whenever a microbial product enters the cell
Pyroptosis
75
Adaptive cell response during nutritional deficientstates
Autophagy
76
Self-eating”of cells/ Cannibalism of cells
Autophagy
77
Process of sequestering unwanted internal organelles via autophagosomes
Autophagy
78
Digestion of cell by enzymes released from lysosome & occurs after cell dies.
Autolysis
79
This is mainly responsible for breaking down all types of biological polymers : Carbohydrates,Fats,Proteins and nucleic acids, in Autolysis
Lysosomes
80
fragmentation of the nucleus
Karyorrhexis
81
dissolution of the nucleus
Karyolysis
82
denaturation of proteins lead to aggregation
Opacification
83
exposure of basic amino groups results in increased affinity for acidic dyes such as eosin
Eosinophilia
84
Breakdown of proteins(afterdeath) leading-to liquefaction of the tissue
Putrefaction
85
Decrease in total number of Red Blood Cells
Anemia
86
Decreases oxygen binding capacity of Hemoglobin in Red Blood Cells
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

HISTO lec (2 decks)

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