Pathology - Cardio

Question 1

Factors affecting Preload (=left ventricual diastolic volume)

Answer 1

• Total volume
• Venous tone
• Body position
• Intrathoracic & i ntrapericardial pressure
• atrial contraction
• pump action of skeletal muscle

Question 2

Factors incrising contractility (=cardiac performance independent of peload and afterload)

Answer 2

• Sympathetic nerve impulse
• Circulating catecholamines (=hormones/neurotranmetteur => regulate PA)
• Calcium, other inotropic agents
• HR incr. or post-extra systolic incr.

Question 3

Factors decreasing contractility (=cardiac performance independent of peload and afterload)

Answer 3

• Aoxia, acidosis
• Pharmacologic depression
• Myocardial loss
• Intrinsic depression

Question 4

Factors affecting HR

Answer 4

• Autonomous nervous system
• Temperature
• Metabolic rate

Question 5

Hypertension

Def-Sympt-Cause/RF

Answer 5

D: Presistent blood pressure increased in arteries
S : Symptom free -> decdes then : HD, Dizziness, ringing in ear, nosebleed, dyspnea, chest pain
C : 95% not identifable; medication, other disease, genetic, overuse salt, renal d, habitudes modifiables

Question 6

Hypotension

Def-Sympt-Cause/RF

Answer 6

D : Not enough blood flow in tissues of body => Systolic pressure < 90 mmHg or Diastolic pressure <60 mmHg
S : none, or dizzy, unconsiousness, fainting, orthostatic hypotension
C : Female +, pregnancy, PI, Hypovolemia (decr.blood volume), dehydration, CV disease, infections, immobilisation…

Question 7

Orthostatic Hypotension

Def

Answer 7

D : Drop of blood pressure in change of position

Question 8

Hypovolemic shock

Def-Sympt-Cause/RF

Answer 8

D: Severe hypotension = not enough blood flow in tissues of body
S : Confusion, Cold, Pale skin, Rapid & small breathing, weak & rapid pulse
C : Allergic reaction (anaphylactic), septic, cardiogenic..

Question 9

Quelles sont les differentes ischemic heart diseases?

Answer 9

1. Artheroscleoris = Athérosclérose
2. Angina pectoris = angine de poitrine
3. Myocardial infection = Infection du myocarde

Question 10

Artheroscleoris = Athérosclérose

Def-Sympt-Cause/RF

Answer 10

D: Chronic, progressive inflmmatory diease - degenerative changes of arterial endothelium - blood become thicker
S : blood clots/plaques, decr of diameter of arteries, trhombosus (=occlusionof vessels!!), stroke..
C : Unclear; habitudes modifiables; Genetic, Hommes ++, age ++

Question 11

Angina pectoris = angine de poitrine

Def-Sympt-Cause/RF

Answer 11

D : Level 0-4 => Retrosternal pain due to stenosis in blood vessels with perfusion disturbances and hypoxemia (NO NECROSIS)
S : Chest tightness, pressure pain, left arm pain, back, face, incr. in exertion, acute dyspnea
C : Atherosclerosis

Question 12

Myocardial infection = Infection du myocarde

Def-Sympt-Cause/RF

Answer 12

D : Necrosis of myocardium after a complete stenosis of 1 or several coronary arteries
S : VIOLENT retrosternal pain, RADIATING pain (belly, left arm, back, face); Dyspnea, Nausea, vomiting, cold sweat, fear of death, palness, rapid irregular HB

Question 13

Heart failure

Def + types

Answer 13

= unable to pump enough blood to meet body’s demand
1. Systolic heart failure
2. Diastolic heart failure
3. Right/left or global HF

Question 14

Systolic heart failure

Def

Answer 14

EF < 40% = less blood ejected

Question 15

Diastolic heart failure

Def

Answer 15

EF normal
Ventricules fills w/less blood
Blood output reduced

ex : Ejected/Filled with=EF= 30mL/50mL! 60%EF =>Not enough blood ejected

Question 16

Left-side heart failure

Def-Sympt-Cause/RF

Answer 16

D : most common heart failure, LV not efficient, fluids in lungs = congestion
S : Fluid in lungs, Pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, Dyspnea, tachypnoea => can lead to total HF
C : Arterial hypertension, valve disease, ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia