PATHOLOGY - Bovine Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three most common causes of anaemia in cattle?

A

Haemorrhage
Infectious agents
Toxicity

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2
Q

What are five common causes of haemorrhage in cattle?

A

Trauma
Castration
Dehorning
Obstetric haemorrhage
Abomasal ulceration

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3
Q

What are three common traumatic causes of haemorrhage in cattle?

A

Trauma to the udder
Ruptured middle uterine artery
Epistaxis due to caudal vena caval syndrome

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4
Q

What is the average blood volume for cattle?

A

55ml/kg blood volume

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5
Q

How can you calculate the allowable blood loss in cattle?

A

Allowable blood loss = Estimated blood volume x (Initial PCV - minimum PCV) / Initial PCV

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6
Q

What is a normal PCV in cattle?

A

A normal PCV in cattle is above or equal to 24%

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7
Q

What can you use to manage haemorrhage in cattle?

A

Intravenous and oral fluid therapy
Blood transfusion

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8
Q

(T/F) You do not need to cross-match before transfusing blood to cattle

A

TRUE. Though cattle have a wide range of blood types, there is a very low risk of immunological haemolytic transfusion reactions so cross-matching is unnecessary

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9
Q

What should you be aware of when breeding cattle that have had a blood transfusion?

A

If you breed cattle that have had a blood transfusion, there is an increased risk of neonatal isoerythrolysis

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10
Q

How many litres of blood can be donated per donor in cattle?

A

8 - 10 litres of blood can be donated per donor

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11
Q

Give an example of an ectoparasite that can cause anaemia in cattle

A

Haematobia irritans irritans (horn fly)

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12
Q

Which ectoparasite can cause severe anaemia in calves?

A

Fleas can cause severe anaemia in calves

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13
Q

Which haemoparasites can be carried by ixodes ricinus ticks?

A

Babesia (rare in UK but can be seen in imported cattle)
Anaplasma

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14
Q

What kind of blood sample should you take if you suspect babesia?

A

Take a capillary blood sample at the end of the tail as erythrocytes infected with babesia express surface antigens which adhere the cells to capillary endothelium where they will accumulate

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15
Q

What can be used to treat babesia?

A

Imdidocarb dipropionate

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16
Q

Which disease is caused by anaplasma?

A

Louping ill

17
Q

Which toxin can cause anaemia in cattle?

A

Bracken

18
Q

What is the most common form of bracken toxicity?

A

Enzootic haematuria

19
Q

What is the pathogenesis for enzootic haematura?

A

Prolonged exposure and ingestion of bracken results in bladder wall thickening, metaplasia and the formation of carcinomas which bleed into the lumen causing haematuria and anaemia

20
Q

What is the signalement for enzootic haematuria?

A

Enzootic haematuria is typically seen in older cattle as this disease requires prolonged exposures and ingestion of bracken before the disease develops

21
Q

What are the three characteristic clinical signs of enzootic haematuria?

A

Intermittent haematuria
Anaemia
Gradual loss of body condition

22
Q

What is the signalement for acute bracken toxicity?

A

Younger cattle that have taken a liking to and have ingested large quantities of bracken

23
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute bracken toxicity?

A

Anaemia
Pyrexia
Inappetence
Ecchymoses
Petechiae
Haematuria
Haematochezia
Fibrinous broncho-pnuemonia