Pathology and surgical terms

Question 1

exophthalmos

Answer 1

condition in which the eyeballs protrude, such as Grave’s disease. Generally caused by an overproduction of a thyroid hormone.

Question 2

gynecomastia

Answer 2

Development of breast tissue in males.

Question 3

hirsutism

Answer 3

condition of having an excessive amount of hair. Term generally used to describe females who have the adult male pattern of hair growth.

Question 4

hyponatremia

Answer 4

low level of sodium in the blood

Question 5

Addison’s disease (adrenal glands)

Answer 5

deficiency in adrenocortical hormones. There may be an increased pigmentation of the skin, generalized weakness, and weight loss.

Question 6

Cushing’s syndrome

Answer 6

set of symptoms caused by excessive levels of cortisol due to high doses of corticosteroid drugs and adrenal tumors. The syndrome may present symptoms of weakness, edema, excess hair growth, skin discoloration, and osteoporosis.

Question 7

pheochromocytoma

Answer 7

benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that secrets epinephrine. Symptoms include anxiety, heart palpitations, dyspnea, profuse sweating, headache, and nausea.

Question 8

diabetes mellitus

Answer 8

chronic carbohydrate metabolism disorder resulting in hyperglycemia and glycosuria.
Type 1: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)- develops early in life when the pancreas stops producing insulin
Type 2: non-insulin-dependent d.m (NIDDM)- insulin production is normal or high, but cells fail to respond to it .

Question 9

diabetic retinopathy

Answer 9

secondary complication of diabetes that affects blood vessels of the retina, resulting in visual changes and even blindness.

Question 10

peripheral neuropathy

Answer 10

damage to the nerves in the lower legs and hands as a result of DM. Symptoms include either extreme sensitivity or numbness and tingling.

Question 11

Recklinghausen disease

Answer 11

Excessive production of parathyroid hormone resulting in degeneration of the bones.

Question 12

tetany

Answer 12

Nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps resulting from hypocalcemia.

Question 13

panhypopituitarism

Answer 13

deficiency in all the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland.

Question 14

congenital hypothyroidism

Answer 14

congenital condition in which a lack of thyroid hormones may result in arrested physical and mental development.
AKA cretinism

Question 15

Grave’s disease

Answer 15

overactivity of the thyroid gland and can cause a crisis situation. Symptoms include exophthalmos and goiter.

Question 16

myxedema

Answer 16

thyroid gland hyposecretion in an adult. Symptoms include swollen facial features, edematous skin, anemia, slow speech, drowsiness, and mental lathargy.

Question 17

thyrotoxicosis

Answer 17

overproduction of thyroid gland. Symptoms include rapid heart action, tremors, enlarged thyroid gland, weight loss, and exophthalmos.