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CAN > Pathology and classification of neoplasms > Flashcards

Pathology and classification of neoplasms Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

An new and abnormal growth in tissue. It is a mass of cells that have undergone an irreversible change to proliferate in an uncoordinated manner independently to factors controlling normal growth.

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2
Q

What is cancer?

What is a tumour?

A

A malignant neoplasm

A tissue swelling

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3
Q

Does a neoplasm continue to grow?

A

Even if the initiating stimulus has been removed.

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4
Q

In which 4 ways can a neoplasm be classified?

A

Behavioural
Histogenesis
Histology
Functional

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5
Q

What does behaviour classify the neoplasm into?

A

Benign or malignant

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6
Q

What is a malignant neoplasm?

A

Locally invading and metastasising tissue that forms secondary deposits through lymphatics or blood.

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7
Q

How does an intermediate neoplasm behave?

A

It is locally invading but not metastasising. e.g. basal cell carcinoma of skin

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8
Q

Why is staging useful?

A

Describes the extent of spread and is important for prognosis and treament

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9
Q

What is the most common staging system?

A

TNM
T = Tumour size and local spread
N = Lymph node involvement
M = Metastasis

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10
Q

How does histogenesis classify?

A

Describes the tissue of origin and extent of differentiation.

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11
Q

What type of behaviour do mesenchymal neoplasms normally have?

A

Benign

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12
Q

What do haemato-lymphoid neoplasmas lead to?

A

Lymphoma and leukaemia

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13
Q

What do germ cell neoplasms lead to?

A

Teratoma or seminoma

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14
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The degree to which the neoplasms histologically resembles its tissue of origin.

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15
Q

What is the differentiation of a benign neoplasm?

A

Well differentiated and closely resembles tissue of origin

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16
Q

What is the differentiation of a malignant neoplasm?

A

Less differentiated and resembles origin less. The degree will vary.

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17
Q

What is the function of grading?

A

Describes the degree of differentiation and is useful for prognosis and treatment.

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18
Q

What is the normal grading system?

A 
1 = well differentiated
2 = moderately differentiated 
3 = poorly differentiated
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19
Q

What is an ANAPLASTIC neoplasm?

A

A malignant tumour that is too poorly differentiated to be able to determine its tissue of origin.

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20
Q

What name is given to a malignant epithelial tumour?

A

Carcinoma
Papilloma (benign)
Forms the suffix to the tumour name

21
Q

What name is given to a malignant mesenchyme tumour?

A

Sarcoma

Forms the suffix to the tumour name

22
Q

A neoplasm arising from glandular tissue is called..

A

Adenoma (benign)

Adenocarcinoma (malignant)

23
Q

A neoplasm arising from cartilage is called..

A

Chondroma

Chondrsarcoma

24
Q

A neoplasm arising from bone is called..

A

Osteoma

Osteosarcoma

25
Q

A neoplasm arising from smooth muscles is called..

A

Leiomyoma

Leiomyosarcoma

26
Q

What is histology classification?

A

Classifies tumours based on their histological appearance/features

27
Q

What is a papillary feature?

A

Finger like structures - commonly spread via lymphatics

28
Q

What is a follicular feature?

A

Forms glandular structures - commonly spreads haematogeneously to form bone metastases

29
Q

Where do anaplastic tumours normal spread?

A

Locally invade and have poor survival

30
Q

What is functional classification?

A

Classifies according to the substances it produces.

31
Q

What do endocrine neoplasms produce?

A

Secrete functioning and active hormones

32
Q

Where is an insulinoma located?

A

Insulin producing pancreatic islet cell

33
Q

Where is a prolactinoma located?

A

Prolactin producing Anterior pituitary neoplasm

34
Q

What is a teratoma?

A

A neoplasm derived from embryonic germ cells which have the capacity to form tissues from any of the 3 germ layers.

35
Q

Where do teratomas commonly occur?

A

Ovaries (benign cysts), Testes (malignant) and midline structures such as mediastinum and retroperitoneum.

36
Q

What is an embryonic tumour?

A

A neoplasm occurring in a developing organ, derived from multi-potent embryonic blast cells.

37
Q

What is the name given to an embryonic tumour?

A

suffix = Blastoma

38
Q

When do blastomas usually present?

A

Present at or soon after birth
Respond well to aggressive treatment
Usually have different differentiations within

39
Q

What is a hamartoma?

A

A tumour like malformation that presents at birth but stops growing as the host stops. e.g. pigmented skin naevi, skin haemangiomas.

40
Q

What is the gross appearance of a malignant tumour?

A

Irregular shape, large with ulceration, haemorrhage and necrosis

41
Q

What is the gross appearance of a benign tumour?

A

Well defined and circumscribed, usually smaller with no haemorrhage, ulceration or necrosis

42
Q

What is a key difference between malignant and benign?

A

Malignant invade and metastasise, benign do not.

43
Q

What is the microscopic appearance of a malignant tumour?

A

Enlarged nucleus with prominent nucleoli
Pleomorphism present (varying cell shape and size)
Frequent and atypical mitotsis in cells
Variable differentation

44
Q

What is the microscopic appearance of a benign tumour?

A

Normal nucleus with small nucleoli
Absence of pleomorphism
Infrequent mitosis
Well differentiated

45
Q

What is the difference between the growth of a benign and malignant tumour?

A

Benign grow slowly and spontaneously arrest.

Malignant grow rapid without arrest

46
Q

What are the main effects of a benign tumour on the host?

A

It creates mechanical pressure

47
Q

What are the main effects of a malignant tumour?

A 
Causes mechanical pressure
Invasion damages vital structures
Metastasis - common cause of death
Development of paraneoplastic syndromes 
Death is frequent
48
Q

What is a paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

A rare disorder that is triggered by an altered immune system in response to a neoplasm. They are nonmetastatic systemic effects that are not related to the location of the tumour. e.g. SIADH, Cushing’s

CAN (16 decks)

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