Pathology

Question 1

Specific cell type
Acute Inflammation: _____________
Chronic Inflammation: _____________

Answer 1

Acute: Neutrophil
Chronic: Lymphocyte

Question 2

Common causes of chronic inflammation

Answer 2

Persistent infection (most common) 
Viral infection
Fungal infection
Parasitic infection
Autoimmune Disease
Foreign body/material
Cancer

Question 3

Site of T lymphocyte production? maturation?

Answer 3

production - bone marrow

maturation - thymus

Question 4

MHC Class
CD4+ T cell : ________
CD8+ T cell : ________

Answer 4

CD4 - MHC II

CD8 - MHC 1

Question 5

Steps in activation of CD4+ T Cell

Answer 5

1. MHC II-bound antigen received by CD4+ receptor

2. B7 received by CD28 receptor

Question 6

Steps in activation of CD8+ T Cell

Answer 6

1. MHC I-bound antigen received by CD8+ receptor

2. IL-2 received from CD4+ T Cell

Question 7

Functions of TH1 cells

Answer 7

1. Release IL-2 to activate CD8+ T cells

2. Release IFN-g to help macrophages

Question 8

Functions of TH2 cells

Answer 8

1. Release IL-4 to active IgG and IgE in B cells
2. Release IL-5 to activate IgA in B cells
3. Release IL-10 to inhibit TH1 cells

Question 9

Methods of killing employed by CD8+ cytotoxic T cell

Answer 9

1. Perforins + Granzymes + Activation of Caspases

2. FasL binding to Fas Receptor

Question 10

Immunoglobulin expressed in naive B cells

Answer 10

IgM and IgD

Question 11

Methods of activation of B cells

Answer 11

1. Antigen binding to IgM and IgD

2. CD40 from B cell binds to CD40L from CD4+ cell, which produces IL-4 and IL-5

Question 12

What is the hallmark of a granuloma?

Answer 12

Presence of epitheloid histiocytes

Question 13

Differentiate a caseating from a non-caseating granuloma

Answer 13

Caseating - w/ area of central necrosis

Non-caseating - w/o area of central necrosis

Question 14

Differentials for a non-caseating granuloma

Answer 14

Foreign material/bodies
Sarcoidosis
Crohn's Disease
Cat Scratch Disease
Beryllium poisoning

Question 15

Differentials for a caseating granuloma

Answer 15

TB infection

Fungal infection

Question 16

Explain the process of granuloma formation

Answer 16

1. Macrophage secretes IL-12
2. IL-12 activates TH1 cell
3. TH1 cell makes IFN-g
4. IFN-g activates macrophages
5. Macrophages become epitheloid histiocytes