Pathology Flashcards
Males under 30 with lower back pain at night, fever, weight loss & fatique are generally characterized symptoms of what Pathology
Anklosing Sponylitis
What is the difference between Osteoarthritis and Rhumatoid Arthritis?
Osteoarthritis affects the weight bearing joints and interphalangeal joints of the fingers, irregular narrowing of joint spaces caused by the loss of cartilage within the joint
Rhumatiod Arthritis is a non-infectious inflammatory disease affecting primarly the small joins of the hands and feet, there is an increased growth of synovial tissue, the narrowing is smooth and regular
What disease could mimic child abuse?
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (Brittle Bone Disease)
Radiographic appearance of large bony defects, absence of lamina and increased interpedicular distance is characteristic of?
Spina Bifida
Increased bone density, causing brittle bones and loss of blood-producing marrow is indicative of?
Osteopetrosis (Marble Bones)
What is the radiographic appearance of Achondroplasia?
long bones appear short and thick, with widened metaphysis
Incomplete actabulum formation caused by physiologic and mechanical factors
Congenital Hip Dysplasia (CHD)
What is Osteomyelitis and its radiographic appearance?
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow caused by infection,
moth-eaten appearances and elevated periosteum
Cancer arising in bone marrow, usually affects teenagers to 30yrs, Ill defined area of bone destruction/medullary destruction
Ewing’s Sarcoma
Can copy the radiographic appearance of Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Rickets
Most common in premature infants,
What is the difference between Osteochondroma (Exostosis) and Giant Cell Tumor (Osteoclastomas)
Osteochondromas occur in the growth plate, shows bone growth that runs parallel to the main bone and points away from the nearest join usually about the knee
Giant Cell Tumors are lucent metaphysis with multiple large bubbles, doesn’t involve the joint, usually the distal knee or proximal tibia. 50% can reoccur
Affects pelvis, spine, skull, tibias, femurs and clavicles, with a cotton wool radiographic appearance
Paget’s Disease (Osteitis Deformans)
High malignant, occur mainly above the knee, most commonly occur between 10-25 years of age
Osteogenic Sarcoma (Osteocoma)
More prominent in boys 10-15 years old, overuse injury in the knee area
Osgood Schlatter’s
Radiographic appearance: hyperlucent area of lungs, lung markings absent, visceral pleural line
Why would inspiration and expiration images be taken?
Pneumothorax
To demonstrate a small pneumothorax
What is the difference between Pleural Effusion and Pulmonary Edema?
Pleural Effusion:
Fluid collection within the pleural cavity, air fluid levels,
Pulmonary Edema:
fluid collection in the pulmonary tissues, no air fluid levels
Radiographic Appearance:
insufficient or absence of ganglion cells, gradually, tapered, smooth conical narrowing, gastric bubble may be absent
Achalasia
Occurs in 14-24 year olds, chronic disease, bowl wall thickens, cobble stone appearance, string sign, & skip lesions, small bowel
Crohn’s disease (Regional Enteritis)
Congenital disorder in infants, string sign, will throw up shortly after being feed
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
Absence of neurons in bowel wall, typically starts in sigmoid colon, prevents relaxation, congenital
Megacolon (Hirschprung’s disease)
Begins in rectosigmoid area, inflammitory, loss of haustral markings (lead pipe), strippled mucosal pattern, collarbotton appearance
Ulcerative Colitis
Probems with the electrical sytem of the heart muscle, heart pumps less effectively
What drugs would be used to treat this pathology?
Arrhythmias
Antiarrhythmais
Quinidine (quinaglute)
Lidocaine Hydrochloride (xylocaine)
Aminodarone Hydrocholride (cardarone)
** All found on crash cart
thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity in arterial wall
How does this happen?
What can it cause in the coronary arteries?
Atherosclerosis
plaque develop in the intima and produce progressive narrowing and often occlusion
Myocardial Infarction
What does Tetralogy of Fallot consist of?
What does it look like?
- Ventricular septal defect
- Pulmonary Stenosis
- overriding of the aoritc orifice above the ventricular defect
- Right Ventricular hypertrophy
Enlargment of the right ventricle causes upward and lateral displacement of the apex of the heart “Coeur en sabot” (curved toe portion of a wooden shoe)
Non-suppurative (non pus forming), inflammaroty process, begins in cortex & in tiny arteries, kidneys appear larger, renal outline remains smooth & collecting system normal, usually bilateral
Glomerulonephritis
inherited disorder with multiple cysts of varying size causing enlargment of kidneys, hypertensive “swiss cheese pattern”
Polycystic Kidney
most common abdominal neoplasm of infancy & childhood, tends to become very large and appear as a palpable mass, causes pronounced disortation & displacement of pelvicalyceal system
Nephroblastoma (Wilms’ tumor)
Thickening of the gastric wall or as an intraluminal mass, rarely noticed until to far gone
Gastric Cancer
varicose veins of the lower end of rectum, cause pain, itching & bleeding
Hemorrhoids
Radiographic Appearance:
rounded or linear collection of contrast material surrounded by lucent folds that often radiate toward the crater, thickening of the mucosal lining
Duodenal ulcer
Accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity, result from portal hypertension, chronic hepatitis, CHF, renal failure
Dense, gray, ground glass appearance
Ascities
Chronic Degenerative disease of the liver, fibrotic tissue, fatty lobules, functions deteriorate
Cirrhosis
commonly caused from portal hypertension, round or oval defects “beads of rosary”
Esophageal Varies
Flat, plaquelike lesion occasionally with ulceration, involves one wall, progressive difficulty in swallowing
Esophageal Carcinoma
abnormal flow of urine from the bladder back into ureters, most common in infancy & childhood, lead to infection
Vesicoureteral Reflux
male older then 50 years, produce fingerlike projections into the lumen or may involve the wall, filling defects
Bladder carcinoma
more common in women, because urethra is shorter
Chronically can decrease in bladder size, that is often associated with irregularity of wall
Cystis
bladder dysfunction caused by interference with the nerve impulses concerned with urination, periodic but unpredictable voiding
Neurogenic Bladder
mucosal folds that protrude into the posterior urethra, congenital condition, usually occur to males
Posterior Urethral Vlave
suppurative inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis caused by pus forming bacteria, usually involves one kidney, usually originates in bladder and moves up to involve the kidneys,
Radiographic Appearance:
linear striation in the renal pelvis, patchy calyceal clubbing with parenchymal scarring, (Rounding/Clubbed)
Pyelonephritis
Radiographic Appearance;
Bilateral renal enlargment with a delayed & prolonged nephrogram,
rapid deterioration in kidney function
Acute Kidney Failure
caused by bilateral renal artery stenosis, bilateral ureteral obstruction and kidney diseases
Chronic Kidney Failure
cystlike dilation of a ureter near its opening into the bladder, lesion appears as a round or oval density surrounded by a thin radiolucent halo (cobra head sign), filling defect
ureterocele
