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Cardio Module 2 > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

To learn abt patho of cardio module 2

1
Q

Types of hypertension

A 
Primary= DS>89mm of Hg, SS>139mm of Hg
Secondary= Due to underlining cause, ex, renal failure, etc
malignant= DS>120mm of Hg, SS>200mm of Hg, Death with in 1-2 years
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2
Q

Stages of hypertension

A

Normal= SS<120, DS<80mm Hg
Pre-HTN= SS 120-139, DS 80-89mm Hg
Stage 1 HTN= SS 140-159, DS 90-99
Stage 2 HTN= SS >or = 160, DS >or = 100mm Hg

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3
Q

MC complications of HTN

A

Atherosclerosis (Major)
Halve of the pt. dies becz of IHD
1/3rd by stroke

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4
Q

Renin-angiotensin system

A

Low BP= low perfusion in kidneys = Renin secretion( a proteolytic enzyme) , angiotensinogen from liver, Renin cleaves angiotensinogen to Angiotensin 1, Then lung epithelium –> ACE, which converts Angiotensin 1–>angiotensin 2 –> adrenal gland–> aldosterone–> inc. Na+ absorption in kidney = inc. in BP

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5
Q

types of arteriosclerosis

A

Medial Calcification
Hyaline arteriosclerosis
Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis ( MC pattern amg all)

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6
Q

Medial Calcification

A

Occurs in medial layer of arteries
also known as Monkeberg Medial classification
> 50 yrs old
MC Radial and ulnar arteries

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7
Q

hyaline arteriosclerosis

A

protein deposits and occlusion of vessels
MC cause Essential/normal HTN, or DM
Kidney= Bening Nephrosclerosis

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8
Q

Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis

A

Onion-Skin lesion
Hyperplasia of SMCs
occurs in malignant HTN

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9
Q

Atherosclerosis

A 
MC pattern amg all
*Pathogenesis and Site= LIFE is A PIC
L= lipid increment 
I= Inflamation / Inflamatory cells involve
F= Fatty Streak=  In childre( earliest compl.)
E= Endothelial injury
*Site
A= abdominal aortap
P= popliteal artery
I= Internal carotid artery
C= coronary artery
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10
Q

Most Feared Complication of Atheroscl.

A

Thrombus formation

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11
Q

Atherscl. plaque contains

A 
A fibrous cap
necrotizing center
cholestrol crystals
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
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12
Q

Angina Pectoris and its Types

A 
Angina = Pain
Pectoris= Chest
Types
Stable angina
Unstable angina
Prinzmetal angina
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13
Q

Stable Angina

A

MC form, from 15 sec to 15 mints
pain relieves on rest or by vasodialators
Occurs via emotional or physical stress

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14
Q

Unstable angina

A

More than 20mints
do not subside by rest or vasodialators
procedes to MI

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15
Q

Prinzmetal angina

A

Due to vasospasm
may also be caused by cocaine, ephedrine or epinephrine
Causes Multifocal infarct and sudden cardiac death due to fatal arrhythmia

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16
Q

MC cause of IHD

A

90% atherosclerosis

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17
Q

Causes of MI

A 
90% Thrombus
other 10%
Shock ( Global Hypotension )
endocarditis
sickle cell anemia
cocaine
Embolism
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18
Q

MC artery for MI

A

LAD 40-50% cases

supplies anterior wall/ apex of left ventricle

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19
Q

RCA and LCA

A

Right coronary and left circumflex artery
RCA= inferior/posterior wall
LCA= lateral wall of left ventricle

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20
Q

Tansmural MI

A

Full thickness MI with ST segment elevation

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21
Q

Sub-endocordial and Multifocal MI

A 
sub= inner third of wall
multifocal= patches of infarct in whole myocardium
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22
Q

Causes of multifocal MI

A

Vasospasm
vasculitis
cocaine
epenephrine

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23
Q

Most severe complication of multifocal MI

A

fatal arrhytmia

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24
Q

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy

A

Broken-heart syndrome

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25
Q

Cause of RF and RHD

A

Grp-A beta-hemolytic streptococci
or
streptoccocus pyogenes

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26
Q

MC age grp for RHD

A

5-15 yrs

school going children n young adults

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27
Q

Diagnostic criteria for RF/RHD

A 
JONES CAFE
J= joint problem
O= resembles heart = pancarditis
N= subcutaneous nodule
E= erythema marginatum
S= syndanham corrhea
CAFE
C= C-reactive protein
A= arthralgia
F= fever
E= elevated ESR
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28
Q

MC cause of death in acute RHD

A

myocarditis

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29
Q

Aschoff bodies

A

granuloma found in myocardium in RHD

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30
Q

cater-pillar cells / activated histiocytes / anitschkow cells

A

Macrophages found Aschoff bodies

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31
Q

MC chronic complication of RHD

A

mitralstenosis

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32
Q

Types of cardiomyopathy

A

3 types
Dialated / congestive
hypertrophic
restrictive

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33
Q

MC cause of cardiomyopathy

A

Dialated/ congestive cardiomyopathy

and it is systolic dysfunction i.e. diff to pump blood

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34
Q

MC complication of dialated cardiomyopathy

A

mural thrombus

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35
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Myocardial hypertrophy with impaired filling(compliance) / diasstolic dysfunction

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36
Q

Banana-like appearance of heart

A

in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy becz of buldging of septum

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37
Q

murmur in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

systolic ejection murmur

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38
Q

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

Diastolic dysfunction

MC cause idiopathic

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39
Q

Myocarditis causes

A 
MC = coxasckievirus
bacteria, fungi, protozoa
immune-mediated causes
Post-viral
rheumatic fever
SLE
transplant rejection
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40
Q

MC type of myocarditis

A

Lymphocytic

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41
Q

Pericarditis causes

A

almost always Virus

chronic TB or fungi

42
Q

Types of Pericarditis

A 
serous Pericarditis
fibrinous / serofibrinous Pericarditis
purulent (suppurative)Pericarditis
Hemorrhagic n caseous Pericarditis
constrictive Pericarditis
43
Q

serous Pericarditis

A

Non-infective inflammatory condition

44
Q

causes of serous Pericarditis

A

RF
SLE
Tumors

45
Q

MC type of pericarditis

A

Fibrinous/ serofibrinous

46
Q

Causes of Fibrinous/ serofibrinous Pericarditis

A

Acute MI (MC)
Chest radiation
Rheumatoid artheritis

47
Q

dressler syndrome

A

Pericarditis with in few weeks of acute MI

Auto-immune

48
Q

Clinical presentation of Fibrinous/ serofibrinous Pericarditis

A

after acute MI
loud pericardial friction rub (most characteristic)
chest pain worst on isnpiration, whic releives by leaning forward

49
Q

purulent (suppurative) Pericarditis

A

MC by infective organism
MC route from neighbouring inflammation
seeding from blood as well

50
Q

Hemorrhagic Pericarditis

A

Hemorrhagic MC cause Malignant tumor

51
Q

caseous Pericarditis

A

MC cause TB

52
Q

caseous MC complication

A

Constrictive pericarditis

53
Q

MC cause of Constrictive pericarditis

A

world wide TB

UK n USA ( idiopathic )

54
Q

clinical presentation of Constrictive pericarditis

A

Right sided heart failure

increased jugular venous pressure

55
Q

kussmaul’s sign in Constrictive pericarditis

A

JVP rising with inspiration

56
Q

CXR of Constrictive pericarditis

A

small heart

pericardial calcification

57
Q

MC primary tumor of heart common in infant n children

A

Rhabdomyoma

58
Q

tumor i.e. actually a hemartoma (developmental anomaly)

A

Rhabdomyoma

59
Q

MC primary tumor of heart in adults

A

Myxoma

60
Q

MC site of myxoma

A

left atrium 90%

61
Q

MC metastatic tumor of heart

A

Metastatic tumor from lungs or breast

62
Q

MC site of metastatic tumor

A

pericardium

63
Q

in utero time period of congenital heart disease

A

week 3-8

64
Q

MC genetical cause of CHD

A

trisomy 21

65
Q

MC cyanotic lession of CHD

A

tetralogy of fallot

66
Q

mnemonic of tetralogy of fallot

A 
PROV
P= pulmonary valve stenosis
R=right venticular hypertrophy
O=overriding of aorta
V= VSD
67
Q

Transposition of great vessels

A

as name indicates
aorta arise from right ventricle
pulmonary trunk from left ventricle

68
Q

MC cyanotic lession of CHD in immediate newborn

A

Transposition of great vessels

69
Q

Truncus arteriosus

A 
truncus= a great vessel
arteriosus= artery like

One single trunk of aorta and pulmonary vessels i.e. septum fails to form btwn them

70
Q

Tricuspid atresia

A

occlusion of tricuspid valve

71
Q

mnemonic for Right to left shunt

A 
4Ts
Tetralogy of fallot
Tricuspid atresia
Truncus arteriosus
Transposition of great vessels
72
Q

mnemonic for left to right shunt

A

4Ds

ASD,VSD,PDA,AVSD

73
Q

MC CHD in adults

A

ASD

74
Q

MC CHD overall

A

VSD

75
Q

murmur type in PDA

A

harsh machinery like murmur

76
Q

CHD associated with PDA and Turner syndrome

A

Pre-ductal coarctation of aorta

77
Q

CHD associted with down syndrome

A

AVSD

78
Q

MC type of ASD

A

Secundum ASD 90%

79
Q

MC type of VSD

A

Membranous VSD 90%

80
Q

MC risk factor for PDA

A

prematurity n rubella infection

81
Q

MC systemic vasculitis in adults

A

Giant cell arteristis

82
Q

MC arteries involved in Giant cell arteristis

A

superficial temporal arteries (MC)

ophthalmic arteries

83
Q

MC form of vasculitis in adult in Asia

A

Takayasu arteritis

84
Q

MC site of Takayasu arteritis

A

Aortic arch vessels

pulmonary arteries

85
Q

MC form of vasculitis in children younger than 4

A

kawasaki disease (kawa = river)

86
Q

clinical presentation of kawasaki disease

A

strawberry tongue
crusting of lips
fissuring of mouth
oropharyngeal erythema

87
Q

hepititis B antigen + antibody complex occurs in which type of vasculitis

A

Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)

88
Q

MC complication in wegener’s granulomatosis

A 
Focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis (Minor)
crescentic glomerulonephritis (Major)
89
Q

MC cause of Buerger disease

A

smoking

90
Q

MC cause of secondary hypertension

A

Renal cause ( acute glomerulonephritis )

91
Q

What is Necrotizing arteriolitis

A

Vessel wall necrosis in and fibrinoid deposits especially im kidney in malignant hypertension

92
Q

Fatty streak is composed of

A

lipid-filled macrophages.

93
Q

MC vessel involed in atheroma.

A

abdominal aorta.

94
Q

3 major principles of atherosclerotic plaques.

A
  1. SMCs , macrophages, T-cells
  2. extra cellular matrix.
  3. intracellular and extra cellular matrix.
95
Q

MC arteritis among older individuals.

A

Giant cell (temporal) arteritis.

96
Q

Multinucleated giant cells are seen in approx 75% of pt. In which type of arteritis.

A

Giant cell arteritis.

97
Q

Type of arteritis also known as Pulseless disease in which marked weakening of pulse occurs in upper extremities.

A

Takayasu arteritis

98
Q

Classic histological feature of PAN or polyarteritis nodosa.

A

Transmural necrotizing inflammation of arteries.

99
Q

Kidney pathology in Granulomatosis with polyangitis.

A 
Focal and segmental necrotizing glomerulonephritis
Crescentric glomerulonephritis (more advance lessions)
100
Q

MC arteries involved in Buerger Disease (thromboangitis obliterans)

A

Tibial and radial arteries

101
Q

MC organisms causing infectious Vasculitis.

A

Bacterium: Pseudomonas
Fungi: Aspergillus and Mucor

102
Q

characteristic finding of rheumatic heart disease in heart muscles.

A

Aschoff bodiesare nodules found in the hearts of individuals with rheumatic fever. They result from inflammation in the heart muscle.

Cardio Module 2 (2 decks)

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