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MRCS A - Physiology + Pathology > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Where are sarcomas most commonly found?

A

Extremities

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2
Q

Orphan Annie nuclei?

How does this cancer metastasise?

A

Papillary carcinoma

Lymphatic metastasis

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3
Q

Which thyroid cancer metastasises via haematogenous route?

Where may presenting lesion be?

A

Follicular

Skull lesion can be presenting lesion

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4
Q

Rash of breast affecting nipple first, then spreading to areolar region?
How to diagnose?
What cancer is this linked to?

A

Pagets disease of breast
Punch biopsy

Invasive ductal carcinoma?

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5
Q

What liver pathology is OCP linked to?

On USS it is mixed echoey and heterogenous

A

Liver cell adenoma

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6
Q

Malignant HTN necrosis pattern?

A

Fibrinoid necrosis

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7
Q

Carcinoid tumour - tumour marker in blood vs urine?

A

Chromogranin A

Urine = 5-HIAA

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8
Q

Desmoid tumours - what cells make them up and what bowel condition are the associated with?

A

Myofibroblasts

FAP

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9
Q

Achondroplasia - what is it + inheritance genetic pattern

A

Dwarfism

Autosomal dominant

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10
Q

BPH - which lobe?

Prostate carcinoma - which lobe?

A

Median lobe

Posterior

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11
Q

What is trotters triad - what does it diagnose?

A

Unilateral conductive hearing loss
Ipsilateral facial / ear pain
Ipsilateral paralysis of soft palate

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
EBV

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12
Q

Reed Sternberg cells?

A

Hodgkins lymphoma

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13
Q

Triad of symptoms for fat embolism?

A

Respiratory, neurological and skin rash

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14
Q

Commonest extra-colonic manifestation of FAP?

A

Duodenal polyps

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15
Q

Thyroglossal cyst vs dermoid must on imaging?

A

Thyroglossal = Thin walled and anechoic

Dermoid = Multiloculated and heterogenous

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16
Q

Tuberous sclerosis - which renal cancer is it associated with?

A

Angiomyolipoma

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17
Q

Which liver tumour linked to PVC?

A

Angiosarcoma

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18
Q

Works with sheep, liver mass and eosinophilia?

A

Hydatid cyst

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19
Q

Medullary thyroid carcinoma = which syndrome?

A

MEN 2

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20
Q

Medullary carcinoma follow up blood marker?

A

Calcitonin

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21
Q

Subdural vs extradural blood vessel?

A 
Subdural = Anterior and middle cerebral 
Extradural = middle meningeal
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22
Q

Testicular tumour with normal markers?

A

Seminoma

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23
Q

Medial ureter displacement?

A

Retroperitoneal fibrosis

24
Q

Origin of 90% of pancreatic carcinomas?

A

Adenocarcinoma = ductular epithelium

25
Q

Phaeo trust?

A

Urinnary VMA, plasma metanephrine

26
Q

diarrhoea, weight loss of 10 Kg and a skin rash of erythematous blisters involving the abdomen and buttocks. The blisters have an irregular border and both intact and ruptured vesicles

A

Glucagonoma

Specifically necrolytic migratory erythema

27
Q

Parotid malignancy with neural involvement?

A

Adenoid cystic carcinoma

28
Q

10 year old boy who has learning difficulties, is reported as having a difference in size between his two legs

A

Neurofibromatosis 1

Due to plexiform neuroma, attracts blood flow = one leg grows quicker

29
Q

Scar extending beyond limits?

A

Keloid scar

30
Q

Hx of chest infections and absent vas?

A

Cystic fibrosis

99% of males with CF have absent vas

31
Q

Pathogenicity of TB?

A

Delayed hypersensitivity reaction against bacteria

32
Q

Hypersensitivity reactions - type and the mediators involved?

A 
ACID EGG-T 
Type 1 Anaphylactic
Type 2 Cytotoxic
Type 3 Immune complex
Type 4 Delayed type

EGG T (mediators)

IgE
IgG
IgG
T cells

33
Q

Pink renal tumour?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

34
Q

Pagets. vs nipple eczema?

A 
Pagets = nipple only then may spread laterally to areolar 
Eczema = other way around
35
Q

Pathological change of aortic aneurysm?

A

Loss of elastic fibres from media

36
Q

Fever, RUQ pain and ill defined lesion?

A

Amoebic cyst

37
Q

Disorders associated with massive splenomegaly ?

A 
Myelofibrosis
Chronic myeloid leukaemia
Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar)
Malaria
Gaucher's syndrome
38
Q

Main reason for hypoxia in ARDS?

A

Reduced diffusion due to fluid overload

39
Q

Which breast cancer = microcalcifications?

A

Comedo type DCIS

40
Q

What is an annular pancreas?

A

Where the second part of the duodenum is surrounded by a ring of pancreatic tissue = obstruction

41
Q

Asteroid bodies?

A

Sarcoidosis

42
Q

Brown tumours are associated with which condition?

A

Conditions resulting in excess osteoclastic activity = HyperPTH

43
Q

Which amino acid is in all types of collagen?

A

Glycine

44
Q

Thyroid specimen with oxyphil cells and scanty thyroid colloid?

A

Hurthles cell tumour = variant of thyroid follicular cell tumour

45
Q

Merkel cell tumour - what is it and the histology?

A

Skin tumour of intra-epidermal Merkel cells

consist of sheets and nodules of small hyperchromatic epithelial cells with high rates of mitosis and apoptosis

46
Q

What will histological analysis of a carotid body tumour show?

A

Paraganglionoma

47
Q

Which cancers metastasis to para-aortic nodes early?

A

Ovarian
Uterine
Testicular

48
Q

Which tumours are associated with fibromatosis?

A

Dermoid tumours

49
Q

Facial lump with biphasic appearance and mutinous tissue?

A

Pleomorphic adenoma

Has mixed stromal and epithelial parts

50
Q

Psammoma bodies?

A

Papillary carcinoma

These bodies = areas of calcification

51
Q

CT scan of liver shows floating membrane?

A

Hydatid cyst

52
Q

Complications of VSD’s?

A

Eisenmengers
Aortic regurgitation
RHF
Infective endocarditis

53
Q

Cystic medial necrosis?

A

Marfans

54
Q

Notching of ribs on CXR + murmur?

A

Coarctation of aorta

Notching due to increased flow through intercostals

55
Q

Which Bonne disease can complicate pagets

A

Osteosarcoma

MRCS A - Physiology + Pathology (2 decks)

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