Pathology Flashcards
What are Koch’s postulates?
Criteria to establish a causative relationship between microbe and disease
What are some controllable and uncontrollable risk factors for atherosclerosis?
Uncontrollable - age, family history, being male
Controllable - hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes
Which HLA genes cause:
a) ankylosing spondylitis
b) Graves’ disease
c) coeliac disease
d) insulin-dependent diabetes
e) rheumatoid disease
a) B27
b) DR3
c) DR3
d) DR3/DR4
e) DR4
Name 3 microscopic features of cell damage
swollen ER and mitochondria
Chromatin clumps
Membrane blebs
Which enzyme triggers apoptosis?
Caspase 3
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis?
Intrinsic - due to cell damage cell dies it should die
Extrinsic - cell recognised that cells around it are dying so it probably should too
What is:
- Atrophy
- Hypertrophic
- Hyperplasia
- Metaplasia
- Decrease in cell size or number of cells
- Increase in cell size
- Increase in cell number
- One adult cell type changes to another
What are the two types of pathological calcification?
Dystrophic - associated with necrosis, serum Ca2+ is normal
Metastatic - associates with hypercalcaemia, no tissue damage but increased bone destruction e.g. due to paraneoplastic syndrome
Give some features of benign neoplasms.
Slow growth rate Few mitotic figures Well differentiated Often normal nuclei Circumscribed / encapsulated Do not invade Do not metastasise
Give some features of malignant neoplasms.
Rapid growth rate Numerous mitotic figures Variable differentiation Hyperchromic - dark nucleus Pleomorphic nuclei -variation in size and shape No capsule, often ill-defined border Invasive Frequently metastasise
What is a benign neoplasm of cartilage called?
Chondroma
What is a malignant neoplasms of blood vessels called?
Angiosarcoma
What is a malignant striated muscle tumor called?
Rhabdomyosarcoma
What is a seminoma?
Malignant testicular neoplasm
What is a teratoma?
Difference between the two types.
Germ cell neoplasm.
Testes - malignant and do not differentiate.
Ovary - benign and differentiate a lot.
Name an infectious cause of Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Epstein-Barr virus