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GI-Hep > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Parietal Cells; where are they and what do they produce?

A

Fundus and corpus, HCL and intrinsic factor

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2
Q

Chief Cells; where are they and what do they produce?

A

Fundus and corpus, pepsinogen

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3
Q

G-Cells, where are they and what do they produce?

A

Antrum, gastrin

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4
Q

What endocrine hormones are produced in the stomach?

A

Gastrin, Histamine, serotonin, somatostatin

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5
Q

Acute Gastritis; causes

A 
Alcohol
Smoking
NSAIDs
Steroids
Corrosives
Uremia
Stress
Infection
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6
Q

How would acute gastritis appear?

A

Thickened mucosa
Punctuate dark spots (from hemorrhage)
Erosions (deficits in mucosa, but does not penetrate to muscular mucosa)

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7
Q

Characteristic of chronic gastritis?

A

Mucosal changes, leading to mucosal atrophy and epithelial metaplasia.

Dysplasia may occur, predisposing to carcinoma.

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8
Q

The main types of chronic gastritis?

A

Helicobacter-associated
Auto-immune
Chemical/reflux

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9
Q

Name for a gastrin secreting tumor

A

Zollinger Ellison

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10
Q

Curling ulcer

A

Curling ulcer (stress ulcer) is an acute gastric erosion resulting as a complication from severe burns when reduced plasma volume leads to ischemia and cell necrosis of the gastric mucosa.

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11
Q

Cushing Ulcer

A

A Cushing ulcer is a peptic ulcer associated with elevated intracranial pressure.

The mechanism is due to stimulation of vagal nuclei as a result of increased intracranial pressure. The end result is increased secretion of gastric acid with eventual ulceration of the gastric mucosa.

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12
Q

Helicobacter Associated chronic gastritis; where does it colonize, what age does it effect, and what is the mechanism of destruction?

A

H. Pylori colonizes the corpus, antrum, and duodenum. It infects people of all ages.

It produces urease, which generates ammonia and protease.

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13
Q

Autoimmune chronic gastritis; who does it effect, what cells are attacked and in what part of the stomach, what are the consequences, and what are some comorbidities?

A

It is seen mostly in the elderly.

Autoantibodies attack parietal cells in the funds and corpus. Impairs intrinsic factor production, thereby causing megaloblastic anemia.

Seen with other autoimmune disorders; Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Addison’s. Increases likelihood of gastric carcinoma.

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14
Q

5 sites of PUD

A 
Esophagus
Stomach (lesser curve most common)
Duodenum (1st part, D1, most common)
Meckels diverticulum (due to ectopic gastric mucosa)
Gastric bypass
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15
Q

Risk factors/aetiology of PUD

A 
H. pylori (90% duodenal, 70%gastric)
Smoking
Alcohol
Drugs (NSAIDs, steroids)
Diet
Trauma/shock (Curling and Cushing ulcers)
Family history
Blood group (A for GU, O for DU)
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16
Q

Characteristics of acute gastric ulcers

A

Usually caused by shock/trauma/burns
Small in size < 1 mm
Can be single or multiple
Can bleed profusely but heals without scaring.

17
Q

Investigations for PUD (3)

A

Endoscopy
Barium swallow radiography
gastrin levels

18
Q

Triple therapy

A

One week course.

PPI 2x daily
Clarithromycin 2x daily
Amoxicillin 2x daily

Or methronizadole in place of penicillin

19
Q

Symptomatic difference between gastric and duodenal ulcers

A

Gastric ulcer pain occurs AFTER eating, therefor weight loss.

Duodenal ulcer pain is relieved by eating, therefor weight gain. And often come on at night.

20
Q

Symptoms of PUD

A

Epigraphic pain; guarding, tenderness, rigidity.

Can have nausea, vomiting, back pain.

21
Q

Duodenal and gastric ulcer hemmorage locations and arteries

A

GU; lesser curve, left gastric artery.

DU; posterior wall, gastroduodenal artery.

22
Q

Symptom and diagnosis of perforated duodenal ulcer

A

Shoulder pain, due to irritation of phrenic nerve.

Free air under diaphragm in CXR.

23
Q

What is the acronym for retroperitoneal organs?

A

SADPUCKER

24
Q

Causes of acute pancreatitis?

A

I GET SMASHED

Idiopathic
Gallstones (majority)
Ethanol
Trauma
Steroids
Mumps
Autoimmune disease
Scorpion sting
Hypercalcemia/triglyceridemia
ERCP
Drugs
25
Q

Ascites

A

Ascites is accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity that exceeds 25 mL.

Although most commonly due to cirrhosis, severe liver disease or metastatic cancer, its presence can be a sign of other significant medical problems, such as Budd–Chiari syndrome.

GI-Hep (2 decks)

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