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MBBS Year 3 notes > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Main histological sign of acute inflammation

A

Neutrophil polymorphs

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2
Q

Main histological sign of chronic inflammation

A

Lymphocytes

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3
Q

3 causes of eosinophilia

A

Allergic rxn e.g eosinophilic oesophagitis
Parasitic infections
Some tumours e.g. Hodgkin’s disease

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4
Q

Mast cells associated with

A

Allergic rxns

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5
Q

Macrophages associated with

A 
Late acute inflamm
Chronic inflamm (esp granulomas)
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6
Q

Definition of granulomas

A

Organised collection of activated (epitheloid) macrophages

Giant cells may be present

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7
Q

Two causes of granulomas

A

TB

Sarcoidosis

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8
Q

Two main types of caricnomas

A

Squamous cell

Adenocarcinoma

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9
Q

Two signs of squamous cell carcinoma

A

Keratin production
Intercellular bridges

Note that keratin producton may decrease with dedifferentiation, but intercellular bridges should stil remain

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10
Q

Two signs of adenocarcinomas

A

Mucin production

Gland formation

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11
Q

Iron stain

A

Prussian blue

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12
Q

Melanin stain

A

Fontana

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13
Q

Amyloid stain

A

Congo red with apple green birefringence

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14
Q

Defining histological features of alcoholic hepatitis

A

Liver cell damage: ballooning, Mallory-Denk bodies
Inflammation: inflamm cells
Fibrosis: stain for collagen, chicken-wire cirrhosis

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15
Q

Two histological features associated with alcoholic hepatitis

A

Fatty change

Megamitochondria

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16
Q

Treatment for alcoholic liver disease

A

Supportive
Stop alcohol
Nutrition
Vitamins (esp. B1, thiamine)

17
Q

4 key signs of chronic liver disease

A

Multiple spider naevi
Dupuytren’s contracture
Palmar erythema
Gynaecomastia

18
Q

3 signs of portal hypertension

A

Visible abdominal veins
Splenomegaly
Ascites

19
Q

4 signs of liver failure

A

Jaundice
Hypoalbuminaemia
Reduced clotting function
Failed clearance of ammonia (encephalopathy, liver flap)

20
Q

3 sites of porto-systemic anastomoses

A

Oesophageal varices
Rectal varices
Umbiical vein recanalising

21
Q

Treatment for systemic TB

A

Isoniazid
Rifampicin
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol

MBBS Year 3 notes (3 decks)

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