Pathology Flashcards
Main histological sign of acute inflammation
Neutrophil polymorphs
Main histological sign of chronic inflammation
Lymphocytes
3 causes of eosinophilia
Allergic rxn e.g eosinophilic oesophagitis
Parasitic infections
Some tumours e.g. Hodgkin’s disease
Mast cells associated with
Allergic rxns
Macrophages associated with
Late acute inflamm Chronic inflamm (esp granulomas)
Definition of granulomas
Organised collection of activated (epitheloid) macrophages
Giant cells may be present
Two causes of granulomas
TB
Sarcoidosis
Two main types of caricnomas
Squamous cell
Adenocarcinoma
Two signs of squamous cell carcinoma
Keratin production
Intercellular bridges
Note that keratin producton may decrease with dedifferentiation, but intercellular bridges should stil remain
Two signs of adenocarcinomas
Mucin production
Gland formation
Iron stain
Prussian blue
Melanin stain
Fontana
Amyloid stain
Congo red with apple green birefringence
Defining histological features of alcoholic hepatitis
Liver cell damage: ballooning, Mallory-Denk bodies
Inflammation: inflamm cells
Fibrosis: stain for collagen, chicken-wire cirrhosis
Two histological features associated with alcoholic hepatitis
Fatty change
Megamitochondria
Treatment for alcoholic liver disease
Supportive
Stop alcohol
Nutrition
Vitamins (esp. B1, thiamine)
4 key signs of chronic liver disease
Multiple spider naevi
Dupuytren’s contracture
Palmar erythema
Gynaecomastia
3 signs of portal hypertension
Visible abdominal veins
Splenomegaly
Ascites
4 signs of liver failure
Jaundice
Hypoalbuminaemia
Reduced clotting function
Failed clearance of ammonia (encephalopathy, liver flap)
3 sites of porto-systemic anastomoses
Oesophageal varices
Rectal varices
Umbiical vein recanalising
Treatment for systemic TB
Isoniazid
Rifampicin
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
