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RW Musculoskeletal > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the common theme for connective tissue diseases?

A

Tend to have a hypersensitivity component and are immune based - inflammatory with antibodies

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2
Q

Which antigen is associated with lupus?

A

Anti-double stranded DNA

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3
Q

Which antigen is associated with scleroderma?

A

Anti-centromere and anti-telomere

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4
Q

Which antigen is associated with Sjogrens?

A

Anti Ro La (and anti-nuclear)

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5
Q

What condition is ANCA associated with?

A

Immune mediated vasculitis

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6
Q

What are the 2 main types of ANCA?

A

pANCA (perinuclear) and cANCA (cytoplasmic)

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7
Q

**What are the causes and classifications of vasculitis?

A

Classification is based on vessel size

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8
Q

True or False: Giant Cell Arteritis is segmental with skip lesions

A

True

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9
Q

What are the main symptoms of GCA?

A

Scalp tenderness, temporal headache, clenched jaw and blindness

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10
Q

Which size of vessels does Polyarteritis Nodosa affect?

A

Medium sized

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11
Q

What is uric acid the end of the synthesis of?

A

Purines (eg. adenina and guanine in DNA replication)

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12
Q

Side effects of which drugs can cause under-secretion of urate?

A

Thiazides

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13
Q

What is seen histologically in gout?

A

Negative birefringence – needle shaped crystals

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14
Q

What is Paget’s disease?

A

Abnormality of bone turn-over (Increased osteoclastic activity, where more bone then grows but not as structured)

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15
Q

What are the 3 histological stages of paget’s disease?

A

Osteoclastic, mixed and burnet out

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16
Q

What are signs of Paget’s Disease?

A

Leontiasis ossea (new hats) – wide bowing of the head; Platybasia (skull base abnormality) and Sabre tibia – curved tibia

17
Q

What are the phases of fracture healing?

A

Initial phases: Haematoma forms with influx of inflammatory cells, after a week a callus forms
2-3 weeks: Callus at its biggest, looks chaotic with woven bone. Some cartilage deposition occurs
Remodelling: Woven bone in callus are remodelled according to the areas of greatest stress

18
Q

What is Avascular Necrosis?

A

Infarction of the bone leading to ischaemia

19
Q

What is the underlying cause of:

1) Loss of joint space
2) Subchondral sclerosis
3) Sunchondral cysts
4) Osteophytes

A

1) Cartilage loss
2) Eburnation etc
3) Synovial fluid accumulation
4) Disorganised bone remodelling

20
Q

What is a ganglion cyst?

A

Lump – often near peripheral joints and near a joint capsule or tendon sheath showing degenerative change within connective tissue (not technically a cyst because it doesnt have their own epithelium)

21
Q

What are common examples of superficial fibromatoses?

A

Dupuytren’s contracture and knuckle pads

22
Q

What are the histological appearances of superficial fibromatoses?

A

Lots of fibroblasts and spindle cells

23
Q

What are Giant Cell tumours called in a) the digits and b) large joints? What are the differences?

A

a) Giant cell tumour of tendon sheath b) Pigmented Villonodular synovitis. Similar lesions, but PVS are more difficult to excise and more destructive

24
Q

True or False: Angiolipomas are one of the few subcutaneous lesions which are painful?

A

True (remember: ANGEL)

25
Q

What does “leiyo-“ refer to?

A

Smooth muscle

26
Q

What does “rhabdo-“ refer to?

A

Skeletal muscle

27
Q

What are 2 examples of syndromes involving lesions of the cartilage?

A

Oilier’s Disease and Maffuci’s

28
Q

What are the 3 main paediatric tumour groups?

A

Sarcomas, lymphomas and brain tumours (while carcinomas are the most common adult)

29
Q

What is the first and second most common primary malignant tumour of the skeletal system?

A

1) Osteosarcoma

2) Chondrosarcoma

30
Q

Which ages do osteosarcoma most commonly affect?

A

Paediatric (60% <25y)

31
Q

Whats the classical radiological feature of osteosarcoma?

A

Corman’s triangle

32
Q

What is essential for histological diagnosis of osteosarcoma?

A

Osteoid production

33
Q

What are the 2 main tumours of uncertain origin?

A

Synovial sarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma

34
Q

What are the 3 main reactive lesions?

A

Nodular fascitis, Myositis ossifcans and rheumatoid

35
Q

What are the 5 main groups of granulomatous conditions?

A

TB, Sarcoidosis, foreign body, Crohns ands rheumatoid

RW Musculoskeletal (9 decks)

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