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MCD Medicine > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

List three examples where a death must be reported to the coroner

A
  1. Suicide
  2. Death may be due to neglect either by someone else of by self
  3. The cause of death is unknown
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2
Q

In a coroners autopsy, any material can be taken from the body- True or false?

A

False - a coroner may only take material if it bares upon the cause of death

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3
Q 
On a death certificate, what information is filled in in (2) 
i.e. 
1a
1b
1c
2
A

2 = Other factors contributing to but not directly involved in death

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4
Q

List 2 reasons for conducting a hospital autopsy

A
  1. Audit purposes - often the cause of death is not accurate
  2. Teaching
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5
Q

List 4 causes of sudden unexpected death in the community

A
  1. Ruptured aortic aneurysm
  2. Pulmonary embolism
  3. Non traumatic subarachiniod haemorrhage
  4. Coronary artery disease
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6
Q

What is a bruise?

A

Extravasated collection of blood from venules/veins/small arteries but not capillaries

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7
Q

What is an abrasion?

A

A graze or a scratch. The most superficial of blunt trauma injuries

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8
Q

What is a laceration?

A

A split to the skin as a result of blunt trauma. Often jagged edges and usually pass through full thickness of the skin

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9
Q

List the causes of cell injury

A

Oxygen deprivation, chemical agents, physical agents, infectious agents, ageing, immunological agents, genetic changes, nutritional imbalances

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10
Q

What 4 intracellular systems are particularly vulnerable to cell injury?

A

ATP generation, protein synthesis, membrane integrity, integrity of genetic apparatus

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11
Q

What is atrophy and give one example?

A

Atrophy =shrinkage in the size of the cell by loss of cell substance e.g. Dementia

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12
Q

What is hypertrophy and give one example?

A

Hypertrophy = increase in the size of the cell . It can be physiological or pathological and either caused by increased functional demand or specific hormonal stimulation
Physiological: Uterus during pregnancy
Pathological: Atherosclerotic plaque leading to heart disease

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13
Q

What is hyperplasia and give one example?

A

Hyperplasia = an increase in the number of cells in an organ. It can be physiological (hormonal or compensatory) or pathological (excessive hormone or growth factor stimulation).
Physiological: endometrium
Pathological: Carcinoma

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14
Q

List 3 ways in which cells can adapt to cellular injury?

A

Hyperplasia, Atrophy, Hypertrophy

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15
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

A reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another. Physiological or pathological.
Physiological: the cervix during pregnancy - the acidic environment causes the cells to change from columnar to squamous.
Pathological: Barrets syndrome- squamous change to columner dur to acid from oesophagus

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16
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Precancerous cells which show the genetic and cytological features of malignancy but not invading the underlying tissue.
Example: Barret’s syndrome

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17
Q

What are the light microscopic changes associated with reversible cell injury?

A

Fatty change, cellular swelling

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18
Q

Define necrosis? And list the 4 different types

A

Cellular death associated with inflammation

  1. Liquefactive (often associated with fungal/bacterial infections. e.g. old cerebral infarct)
  2. Caseous (pulmonary TB)
  3. Fat (lipase release fatty acids from triaglycerides e.g. pancreatitis)
  4. Coagulative (often caused by ischemia or infarction e.g. MI. Architecture of tissue is preserved for a couple of days)
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19
Q

List three causes of apoptosis

A
  1. Embryogenesis
  2. Stimulus causing irreparable DNA damage
  3. Deletion of cells in proliferating populations
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20
Q

List 3 differences between apoptosis and necrosis

A
  1. Necrosis is associated with inflammation
  2. Apoptosis requires energy (ATP)
  3. Apoptosis may be physiological
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21
Q

What is necroptosis?

A

Programmed cell death associated with inflammation

22
Q

Give three examples of diseases processes that involve inflammation

A
  1. Allergy e.g. asthma
  2. Infection e.g. TB or the common cold
  3. Autoimmune e.g. RA
23
Q

What are the components of an inflammatory reaction?

A

Cells, Soluble factors, extracellular matrix and vasculature

24
Q

What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

A

Rubor, Tumour, Calor, Dolor and loss of function

25
Q

List three differences between exudate and transudate?

A
  1. Exudate has leaked out from vessels whereas transudate is the fluid within vessels
  2. Exudate has a much higher protein concentration
  3. Exudate is cell rich whereas transudate is cell poor
26
Q

List the three different types of exudate and give an example of each

A
  1. Serous= fluid e.g. blister
  2. Fibrinous = fibrin e.g. viral pericarditis
  3. Purulent = inflammatory cells, fibrin, debris, fluid e.g. peritonitis following bowl perforation
27
Q

Regarding the movement of neutrophils from the blood vessel and into the tissue, put the following words in the correct order:
Diapedesis, Rolling and adhesion, margination, chemotaxis

A
  1. Margination
  2. Rolling and adhesion
  3. Diapedesis
  4. Chemotaxis
28
Q

List three causes of chronic inflammation

A
  1. Persistant infection
  2. Prolonged exposure to toxic agent
  3. Foreign body
29
Q

Exudate is seen in chronic inflammation - true or false?

A

FALSE - there is NO exudate involved in chronic inflammation

30
Q

Necrosis is more prominent in acute inflammation or chronic inflammation?

A

Necrosis is more prominent in acute inflammation

31
Q

Give a classic example of tissue resolution

A

Pneumococcal lobar pneumonia

32
Q

List 5 things that can hinder tissue repair

A
  1. Poor nutrition
  2. Persistent foreign body
  3. Mineral deficiency
  4. Poor blood supply
  5. Suppressed inflammation
33
Q

List three complications of tissue repair

A
  1. Keloid formation
  2. Contractures
  3. Impaired organ function
34
Q

Cytokines are more prominent in chronic inflammation as opposed to acute inflammation - true of false?

A

True - cytokines predominant in chronic inflammation whereas histamine is seen in acute

35
Q

Name 3 classes of carcinogens

A
  1. Parasites, bacteria and fungi
  2. Hormones e.g estrogen in breast cancer
  3. Ionising/non-ionising radiation

Others: chemicals, viruses

36
Q

Which of the following is an RNA carcinogenic virus:

a) HPV
b) HTLV-1
c) EBV
d) HBV
e) HHV8

A

b) HTLV-1

All the others are DNA viruses which can cause cancer

37
Q

Helicobactor pylori is a viral carcinogen - true of false?

A

False, it is a bacterial carcinogen

38
Q

What are the four classes of regulatory genes involved in cancer?

A
  1. Pro-apoptotic genes
  2. DNA repair genes
  3. Proto-oncogenes
  4. Anti-oncogenes/Tumor suppressor genes
39
Q

Name 4 clinical affects of a tumour

A
  1. Anxiety
  2. Related to location - pressure, infection, bleeding etc.
  3. Metabolic cancer cachexia
  4. Paraneoplastic syndromes
40
Q

What is oedema and which two pressure are unbalanced for it to occur?

A

Oedema is an abnormal increase in interstitial fluid. Hydrostatic forces and osmotic forces become unbalanced for it to occur

41
Q

List 3 common causes of generalised oedema

A
  1. Left ventricular failure
  2. Hepatic failure
  3. Nephrotic syndrome
42
Q

Define thrombosis and list the three main factors that cause thrombosis

A

Thrombosis is the formation of a solid mass of blood constituents within the circulatory system

  1. Statis
  2. Hypercoagulability
  3. Vessel wall injury
43
Q

Define an embolism

A

An embolism is a detached intravascular solid, liquid or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood to a site distant to its origin

44
Q

An emboli lodging in one of the following is most likely to cause instantaneous death:

a) Small pulmonary artery
b) Medium sized pulmonary artery
c) Major pulmonary artery

A

c) Major pulmonary artery

45
Q

Define a haemorrhage

A

A haemorrhage is escape of blood from a ruptured vessel

46
Q

Define shock and list the different types

A

Shock is when tissue perfusion is insufficient to meet metabolic requirements.

  1. Anaphylactic
  2. Hypovolaemic
  3. Septic
  4. Cardiogenic
  5. Neurogenic
47
Q

What is an infarction?

A

An infarction is tissue necrosis due to ischaemia

48
Q

What size vessels down athersclerosis affect?

A

Large and medium arteries

49
Q

Which of the following is associated with a stable plaque:

a) More inflammation
b) Lipid rich necrotic core
c) Thin fibrous cap
d) A thick fibrous cap

A

d) A thick fibrous cap

All the other options are associated with an unstable plaque that is more likely to rupture

50
Q

Which of the following is true about the clinical outcomes of helicobactor pylori infection?
a) >80% develop into gastric cancer
b) 15-20% develop into gastric cancer
c)

A

c) less the 1%

51
Q

Define an ulcer

A

An ulcer is an open sore on an external or internal surface of the body, caused by a break in the skin or mucous membrane which fails to heal

MCD Medicine (4 decks)

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