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Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Degeneration:Calcification

A

Metastatic = Ca++intonormal tissueHypervitaminosis DDystrophic = Ca++ intoabnormal/damagedtissueAtherosclerosis, atheroma

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2
Q

Degeneration:Caseous

A

cheesytuberculosis

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3
Q

Types of DegenerationAlbuminous

A

cloudy swellingmembrane injury, ion transfer fucked

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4
Q

Degeneration:Coagulation

A

Infarction (MI)

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5
Q

Degeneration:Enzymatic

A

Pancreas(digests itself inside-out)

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6
Q

Degeneration:Fatty

A

Liver =”nutmeg liver” (reversible if caught early)Heart = “tabby cat heart” (stripes)fatty dot→ fatty streak→ fatty plaque (atheroma)→ fibroatheroma (fibrous tissue, calcium)

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7
Q

Degeneration:Liquefactive

A

CNSbrain melts, tertiary syphilis, leprosyor skininfection

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8
Q

Degeneration:Wallerian

A

peripheral nervesdegenerates to next Node of Ranvier”dying back phenomenon”

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9
Q

Degeneration:Zenker’s (Waxy)

A

hyaline cartilagemost common in skeletal muscle (at epiphyseal plates)muscle replaced with hyaline cartilage

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10
Q

Cellular Degeneration

A

Karyolysis:nuclearrupturing/fading/destructionKaryorrhexis:nuclear swellingPyknosis:nuclear condensationAll the above = “nuclear dissolution”leads to ananuclear necrotic cell

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11
Q

Developmental Changes

A

Agenesis: absence of organ (usually paired organs; renal, testicular.. odontoid)Aplasia: small remnants of the organ, lack of developmentHypoplasia: smaller than normal, usually defective

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12
Q

Primary PathologyvsSecondary Pathology

A

Primary
* arrives spontaneously organ in question is fucked up
Secondary
* usually insidious
* resultant from other trauma/pathology organ in question is malfunctioning, due to some other organ not working properly

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13
Q

Growth DisturbancesCancer

A

Metaplasia: functional change fromone cell type to anotherDysplasia:change in size/shape/fx,precancerous, but last stage that can be returned to normalAnaplasia:complete disorganization of a cell (cancer)squamous cell carcinoma

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14
Q

Collagen Types

A

Type 1bone, muscle, tendons, ligamentsType 2disc (specifically nucleus pulposis)Type 3”reticular collagen”, spleen and lymph nodesearly wound healingType 4basement membrane of all tissues

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15
Q

PneumoconiosisSilicosis

A

silica from sand, rock, glassRocky QUarry disease

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16
Q

PneumoconiosisAsbestosis

A

asbestosleads to mesotheliomamalignant tumorNaval shipyard

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17
Q

Pneumoconiosis:Siderosis

A

Iron dust particlesIron Ore Mill/Steel Mill occupants

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18
Q

Pneumoconiosis:Byssinosis

A

cotton dustBrown Lung

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19
Q

Pneumoconiosis:Anthracosis

A

Black Lung Disease from minersCaplan’s Syndrome(anthracosis + RA)W.Virginia coal mines

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20
Q

Pneumoconiosis:Histomycosis/Histoplasmosis

A

Endemic fungusMississippi/Ohio Valleys”Mississippi Valley Fever”“Ohio Valley Fever”

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21
Q

Pneumoconiosis:Coccidiomycosis

A

Endemic fungus in deserts of SW USA”San Joaquin Valley Fever”(just Valley Fever in other states)

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22
Q

Pneumoconiosis:Blastomycosis

A

Endemic fungus on Eastern seaboardFlorida to Nova Scotia

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23
Q

Asthma

A

Sputum analysis:Curschmann’s Spirals&Charcot-Leyden Crystals↑IgE,↑Eosinophils(↑IgE:wheezes, sneezes and weird ass diseases)

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24
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Chloride channels affected “sweat test”

  • mother notices, tastes salt =Salty Baby Syndrome Affects: GI mucous linings respiratory mucous linings exocrine secretions
  • Susceptible to pseudomonas aeruginosa frequently requires lung transplants
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25
Q

Hemosiderosis

A

iron in lungs due to bleedingrib fracturepulmonary embolism (?)stab/gunshot wound

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26
Q

Pulmonary Fibrosis

A

honeycomb lung

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27
Q

Tuberculosis

A

caseous necrosis in lungGohn complex,granulomas,epithelioid histiocytesIf spread to spine = “Pott’s Disease”(with fracture or collapse of VB =Gibbus deformity)

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28
Q

Wegner’s Granulomatosis

A

Vasculitis of lung and kidney arteriesany system can be affected (polyangitis)

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29
Q

Emphysema

A

Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT)deficiency =loss of elasticitycan’t breatheout

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30
Q

Azotemia

A

decreased tubular excretion of nitrogen↑nitrogen in the blood

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31
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

most commonly caused by prostate problems/ureter stones

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32
Q

Kidney Stones

A

“Nephrolithiasis”acute nephritic shock:mc stone: calcium oxalate/Ca++ uratepain pattern: constant LBP,radiates to flanklocalizedgroin pain = stone in ureterspainful voiding, pink urineDx: Murphy’s Punch

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33
Q

Nephritic Syndrome

A

RBCs and minoramount of protein in urine(hematuria, mild proteinuria)acute glomerulonephritis

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34
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome

A

“Pre-eclampsia”“HEP”: Hypertension /Edema /massiveProteinuriaEclampsiaHEP + seizure/convulsions+ coma(potentially fatal)

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35
Q

Polycystic Kidney

A

multiple cysts on kidneysmoth-eaten appearanceidiopathic

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36
Q

Renal Shock

A

acute tubular necrosis

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37
Q

Wilm’s Disease

A

“nephroblastoma”mixed (palpable) tumor of kidneyin children (if kids experience LBP = no bueno)*mc malignant tumor found in kids

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38
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

↓cortisol,↓BPhypoadrenia/adrenal fatigueinadequate cortisol levels =↑↑ACTHto stimulate cortisol release↑↑ACTH leads to↑MSH↑Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone=hyperpigmentationfatigue

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39
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A

↑cortisol (z. fasciculata)hyperadreniamoon faces, buffalo hump, purple striae, central obesityhypertension, water retention(opposite of Addison’s Disease)

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40
Q

Conn’s Disease

A

↑↑Aldosterone (z. glomerulosa)↑↑ADH = water retentionhypertension

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41
Q

Goiter

A

hyperplasia of thyroid cells due to lack of iodine

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42
Q

Grave’s Disease

A

Hyperthyroidismexopthalmosesheat intoleranceweight lossrapid HRweight lossT3/T4 fiddles with thermostat, turns↑ = ↑HR,↑BP, hot

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43
Q

Hashimoto’s

A

Autoimmune cause of hypothyroidism

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44
Q

Myxedema

A

HypothyroidismCretinism in childcold intoleranceweight gainslow HR/bradycardialoss of lateral 1/3 eyebrowsslow mental faculties (memory, common sense)

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45
Q

Cryptorchism

A

undescended testescan cause testicular cancer

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46
Q

Endometriosis

A

mc site: ovary(endometrial cells should only be in uterus or outside body)

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47
Q

Epispadias/Hypospadias

A

Epispadias: urethra exits dorsal surface of penisHypospadias: urethra exits ventral surface of penisextreme cases lead tochordee= sharp angulation of penis

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48
Q

↑HCG

A
  • pregnancy hydatidiform mole
  • non-viable embryo that has implanted
  • “cancer-like”
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49
Q

Leiomyoma

A

tumor of smooth musclefibroids in the uterus(may disappear at menopause)

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50
Q

Polycystic Ovarian DiseasePCOS

A

anovulationobesityhirsutism(excess hair on body and face)

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51
Q

Seminoma

A

cancer of testes (mc form)mesenchymal/stem cells

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52
Q

Congenital Syphilis

A

born to mother with syphilis
Hutchinson’s teeth = notched upper incisors
Rhagades = cracks at edge of mouth
Saddle nose deformity = bridge flattened Sabre Blade Tibia
Interstitial keratitis = produces visual changes, sometimes at tympanic membrane

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53
Q

Acquired Syphilis

A

Treponema PallidumPrimaryHard, painless chancre on perineumSecondarymaculopapular rash and condylomata lataLatencymay or may not have symptomsTertiarytabes dorsalis, aortic aneurysm, gummas in CNS,Argyll Robertson Pupil/ “prostitute’s pupil”accomodates, but doesnt respond)

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54
Q

Pupils

A

Argyll Robertson Pupildoes not react to light, but constricts upon accomodationAdie’s Pupiltonic pupil dilation (mydriasis) due to CNIII Edinger-Westphal nucleusMiosistonic pupil constrictiondue to injury to sympathetic cervical ganglia

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55
Q

Changroid

A

soft, painful chancreHaemophilus ducreyi infection(G- coccobacillus)

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56
Q

Gardnerella vaginalis

A

bacterial vaginosissimilar to Trichimonas, except bacterial

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57
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Gram (-) diplococcusmccPID/Pelvic Inflammatory Diseasemcc salpingitis (fallopian tube infection)burning urinationyellow/greenpus in urinemay produce arthritis (mc DJD in knee)coffee bean shaped

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58
Q

Lymphogranuloma venereum

A

Chlamydiarectal strictures (elasticity loss)Dx: Frei Test

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59
Q

Trichimonas Clamydia

A

Purulent vaginal discharge(green/yellow, frothy, foul, fish-like)Protozoanvaginosis

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60
Q

Achalasia

A

spasm of lower esophageal sphinctercauses megaesophagus (expansion) of upper esophaguslack of motility(due to absence of myenteric plexus)

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61
Q

Barrett’s esophagus

A

metaplasia of esophageal cells into stomach cellscaused by GERD

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62
Q

Budd-Chiari

A

occlusion of hepatic veinsTriadabdominal pain /ascites / hepatomegalyAcuterapid severe upper abdominal pain, jaundice, hepatomegaly,↑liver enzymes, eventual encephalopathy/shock

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63
Q

Celiac Diseaseaka “non-tropical sprue”

A

gluten intolerance/enteropathyloss of villi = loss of absorptionintestinal lining flattened & hole-punchedGF diet

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64
Q

Cholecystitis

A

gallbladder inflammation#1 cause of gallstones

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65
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

gallstonesmcc by cholecystitis

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66
Q

Chron’s Disease”regional ileitis”, “distal ileitis”, “regional enteritis”

A

seen in young peopledistal small intestine (ileum), cecum, ascending colon(R-sided problem)skip-lesions =”cobblestone” appearanceNO bloody diarrheaautoimmuneleads to dehydration bc most water absorbed in small intestine

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67
Q

Diverticula

A

outpouching in the intestineusually lower L quadrant(sigmoid and descending)

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68
Q

Dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

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69
Q

Enteritis

A

bowel inflammation due to improper sanitationmcc of death of children worldwidedue to dehydration from diarrhea

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70
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

Swollen and inflamed veins in the rectum and anus that cause discomfort and bleedingmcc of frank red blood in stoolfrank blood = bright redmelena = upper GI bleed- -dark,digested blood

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71
Q

Hirschprung’s Disease

A

Congenital megacolonabsence of myenteric plexus= parasympathetic motor plexus*Meissner’s plexus is chemosensitive

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72
Q

Intussusception

A

telescoping (collapsing)of intestine onto itself

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73
Q

Irritable Bowel SyndromeIBS

A

stress relatedspastic colondistentionpaindiarrhea

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74
Q

Mallory-Weiss Syndrome

A

Hematemesis (vomitting blood)due to alcoholismdistention of esophageal veins→ bleed into stomach”Mallory Weiss tears”= distal esophageal/proximal stomachlacerations

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75
Q

Meckel’s Diverticulum

A

outpouching of distal ileum(R side: iliocecal/distal ileum)

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76
Q

Peutz Jegher’s Syndrome

A

Polyposis,characterized by polypzin the entire GI tractbeningn

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77
Q

Plummer Vinson Syndrome

A

iron deficiency anemiacheilosisesophageal webbing(partial esophageal occlusion)glossitis

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78
Q

Pyloric stenosis

A

Infant projectile vomittingnewborns

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79
Q

Sliding hiatal hernia

A

anatomically shortened esophagustooshort

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80
Q

Steatosis

A

fat in stoolproblem with gallbladderGuacamole rampage = steatosis

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81
Q

Ulcerative Colitis*“Toxic Megacolon”

A

pathological intestingal changesulcersbloody diarrheaaffects L abdomen(descending colon, sigmoid colon)”lead pipe rigidity”starts at colon, moves distally

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82
Q

Volvulus

A

twisting of an organ around its long axis

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83
Q

Zenker’s Diverticulum

A

outpouching of esophagus/pharynx

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84
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

↓ADHdue to PP problemdehydration

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85
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

↓insulin production byβ-cells of pancreas(Islets of Langerhaans)1st seen in eyesmc die from heart disease or renal failurepolydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia

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86
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

iron in organs and skin”bronze diabetes”*iron absorption requires vitamin C

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87
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

protein malnutritionsevere edema

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88
Q

Marasmus

A

calorie malnutrition, includes proteinwasting away

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89
Q

Wilson’s Disease

A

inborn error of copper metabolismKayser-Fleisher Rings= copper deposits in eyeHepatolenticular degeneration

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90
Q

ALSAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis”Lou Gherig’s Disease”

A

anterior horn and corticospinal tracts affectedcomplete motor lossno sensory lossLMN in upper extremitiesUMN in lower extremitiesprogressive disease

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91
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

severe atrophy of cerebral cortexprogressive↓ACh#1 cause of dementia50-60+ years old

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92
Q

Arnold Chiari

A

Type 1cerebellar tonsils herniate (specifically vermis)Type 2[Type1]+ meningiomyelocele in lumbar spine*can get syrinx because of hydrocephalus - Rexed Lamina 10brain matter outside brain

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93
Q

Brain TumorsAstrocytoma

A

Types I and IImc CNS tumorbest prognosis

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94
Q

Brain Tumors:Glioma

A

mc CNS tumor

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95
Q

Brain Tumors:Glioblastoma multiform

A

worst prognosisaffects cerebrum

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96
Q

Brain Tumors:Medulloblastoma

A

mc seen in cerebellar vermis in childrenmc cerebellar tumor

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97
Q

Brain Tumors:Oligodendroglioma

A

slowest growingaffects cerebrum

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98
Q

Brain Tumors:Schwannoma

A

CN VIIIAcoustic neuromaonion bulb tumormcc of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss

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99
Q

Brain Tumors

A

mc brain tumor= Astrocytomamc cns tumor = Gliomaworst prognosis = Glioblastoma Multiformmc cerebellum tumor = Medulloblastomaslowest/cerebrum = OligodendrogliomaCN VIII/acoustic neuroma = Schwannoma

100
Q

Friedreich’s Ataxia

A

lesions of sclerosis of spinocerebellar* tract(neurofibrillary tangles)chromosome 9*spinocerebellar: unconscious proprioception

101
Q

Guillan-Barre Syndrome*“post-infectious polyradiculopathy”

A

mc seen after recent flu or vaccinationPNS demyelinationareflexia and ascending paralysisreaches diaphragm = fatal

102
Q

Horner’s Syndrome

A

interruption of cervical sympathetics(trauma, pancoast tumor)S/Sx:ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis, enophthalmosispancoast tumor @ lung apices, disrupts cervical sympathetic ganglia

103
Q

Leprosy”Hansen’s Disease”

A

liquefactive necrosisskin damagesensory nerve destruction(early sign = feels no pain)

104
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

CNS demyelinizationand plaquing of spinal cordor brainCharcot’s Triad (SIN)scanning speech, intention tremor, nystagmusdistal mms affectedvisual disturbancesCorticospinaltracts* affected

105
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

formation of antibodies againstACh receptors@ myoneural junctionThymoma: thymus enlargmentprogressive weakness andfatigueStarts in ocular muscles, worse at end of daydiplopia: dbl visiontight, sore mms in jaw and handsautoimmuneCorticospinal tracts affected

106
Q

Neurofibromatosis”Von Recklinghausen’s Disease”

A

Café au Lait spots”coast of California” appearance

107
Q

Onion Bulb Tumor

A

Schwann cell tumor

108
Q

Parkinson’s Disease”Paralysis Agitans”

A

↓dopaminein basal gangliadifficulty starting/stopping motioninability to move + tremor = “cogwheel rigidity”Inclusions: Lewy Bodiesmasked faces, stooped posture, resting tremor,shuffling/propulsive gaitSubstantia nigra of mesencephalonaffected

109
Q

PLSPosterolateral Sclerosis”Combined Systems Disease”

A

Longstanding B12 deficiency(Pernicious Anemia)→ PLSDorsal columns and corticospinal tract affectedlack of intrinsic factor

110
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Affects brainstem, then CNs, possibly breathing apparatusIf affects anterior horn = produces LMNL(Polio transmission = oral/fecal)

111
Q

Syringomyelia

A

cystlike formation from central canal of scleads to loss of pain/temperature,bilaterally+ signs of UMNL in upper ext”cape-like” distribution of pins and needles sensation(shoulders, arms, back)Caused by syrinx (central dilation of sc)

112
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff

A

Alcoholic psychosis with dementiaThiamine (B1) depletiondue to severe alcoholism over timeDestroys:Wernicke’s area @ angular gyrus, temporal lobe

113
Q

Tumors, Cancers, CystsBenign vs Malignant

A 
Benign	
* slow-growing	
* encapsulated	
* non-destructive	
* asymptomatic, usually	
* short zone of transition	
* easily removed	
"-oma"(usually)

Malignant

  • non-encapsulated
  • long zone of transition
  • periosteal reactions if in bone
  • deep, boring night pain
  • weight loss
  • fevers, night sweats metastases
  • automatically worst grade
  • mcc bone cancer “-carcinoma” “-sarcoma”
114
Q

Aneurysmal Bone Cyst”ABC”

A

benignmetaphyseal/diaphyseal(without crossing growth plate)eccentric: not at center of bone”Blister of Bone”blisters, bubbles

115
Q

Brown’s Tumor*

A

“tumor-like” radiolucencyloss of bone densityfrom hyperparathyroidism (↑PTH)

116
Q

Chordoma

A

cancer mc seen in sacrum(notochord remnants)crosses jts

117
Q

Ewing Sarcoma

A

multi-laminated periosteal reaction(onion-skin appearance)cortical saucerizationChildren 10-25 (?)moth-eaten appearance in medullamimics osteomyelitis

118
Q

Multiple Myeloma”Plasma cell leukemia/sarcoma”

A

mc primary bone malignancy in adultsamyloid buildupinclusion bodies: Russell bodiesxray: “punched-out” lesions, raindrop skull

119
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

most common primary bone cancer in children (10-30)

120
Q

Simple/Unicameral bone cyst

A

“SBC” or “UBC”benignmetaphyseal/diaphysealconcentric”fallen fragment sign”Age found in long bones

121
Q

Adenoma

A

tumor of glandular tissue

122
Q

Cachexia

A

wasting away

123
Q

Carcinoma in situ

A

cancer that has not invaded basement membrane”in stasis”, nometastases

124
Q

Chondroblastoma

A

benign bone tumorage epiphyseal/metaphyseal(mostly cartilagenous tissue)

125
Q

Chondroma

A

benign tumor of cartilagemost commonly within feet/hands

126
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

absence of one or both testes in scrotum(failure to descend)can cause testicular cancer

127
Q

Enchondroma

A

benign hand tumorstippled calcification2+= “multiple enchondromatosis”enchondromatosis + soft tissue swelling + bone deformity= Maffuci’s Syndrome

128
Q

Fibroma

A

myxomatous tissuespindled, polyhedral cellsmultiple nuclei

129
Q

Fibrous dysplasia

A

benign tumorground glass appearancecafé au lait patches”Coast of Maine”appearancein early puberty =Albright’s Diseaserind sign

130
Q

Giant Cell Tumor

A

tumor of osteoclastsosteoclastomamc inkneequasi-malignantepiphyseal/metaphysealages 20-40

131
Q

Histiocytosis X

A

“Hans-Schüller-Christian disease”“histocytic granuloma”“eosinophilic granuloma”lipid accumulation→ vertebral plana (“pancake vertebrae”)discs preserved

132
Q

Krukenberg’s

A

cancer of stomachmetastasizes to ovariessignet ring cell tumorform of adenocarcinoma

133
Q

Leukoplakia

A

white patch on oral mucosa from tobaccocannot be wiped offprecancerous

134
Q

Lung Cancers

A

AdenocarcinomaOat cell/Small cellSquamous cellcan get lung cancer from arsenic poisoning(arsenic in treated wood)metastasis from lung most commonly goes to the brain

135
Q

Lung CancersAdenocarcinoma

A

mc with non-smokersbest prognosis

136
Q

Lung CancersOat Cell/Small Cell

A

worst prognosis

137
Q

Lung CancersSquamous Cell

A

most common in smokers

138
Q

Neurofibromatosis

A

“Von Recklinghausen’s Dz”Café au Lait patches”Coast of California” appearacnce

139
Q

Osteoid Osteoma

A

pain worse at nightrelived by aspirinages 15-25radiolucent nidusw/reactive sclerosis

140
Q

Osteoma

A

mc benign tumor of the skullmc in frontal sinus (frontal bone)

141
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Chronic = Brodie’s Abcesssequestrum involucrum cloaca dead bone newly-formed bone drainagemcc staph aureus

142
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

neuroblastomabenign tumor of adrenal medullaepisodic hypertension

143
Q

Stomach Cancer

A

mc in lesser curvature”leather bottle” stomach= adenocarcinoma

144
Q

Virchow’s Nodes

A

enlarged supraclavicular lymph nodes (L)due to metastasisusually GI tractusually L sidesupraclavicular lymph nodes

145
Q

Chemotaxis

A

movement of WBCs along concentration gradientof tissue-damage byproducts

146
Q

Pavementing/Margination

A

WBCs lining damaged vesselsadhesion of leukocytes to endothelium

147
Q

DiapedesisAKA Leukocyte extravasation

A

neutrophils and monocytes squeeze through walls of blood vessels towards site of damaged tissue or infection

148
Q

Clot Formation

A

fibrinogen → via THROMBOPLASTIN → fibrinrequires Vit K and Calcium in cascade

149
Q

Exudate

A

fluid and [high protein}= damaged capillary wall

150
Q

Transudate

A

fluid and [low protein}= normal capillary wall

151
Q

5 Stages of Inflammation

A

injury​
vasoconstriction
vasodilation (viahistamine and bradykinin)
swelling/edema (chemotaxis→ diapedesis)
healing mast cells make heparin and serotonin, triggers myofibroblasts to constrick and make type 3 collagen for early wound healing. scar = fibrin

152
Q

Bradykinin/Histamine

A

vasodilation↑ inflammation

153
Q

LeukotrienesProstaglandinsSubstance P

A

inflammation pathway↑ inflammation

154
Q

EnkephalinsEndorphins

A

pain control”personal morphine”↓ inflammation

155
Q

NSAIDs

A

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory DrugsCycloxygenase (COX) inhibitor↓ inflammation

156
Q

Steroids

A

phospholipase A2 inhibitorprednisone↓inflammation

157
Q

Basophils

A

become mast cellsmake histamine, bradykinin, srotonin, heparin

158
Q

B-lymphocytes

A

transform into plasma cellsmake antibodies

159
Q

Granulocytes

A

“BEN”BasophilsEosinophilsNeutrophils

160
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

161
Q

Macrophage

A

Monocyte at tissue levelKupffer cells = liverDust cells = lungMicroglia = brainLangerhaan = skin

162
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

“MEN”MonocytesEosinophilsNeutrophils

163
Q

T-Lymphocytes

A

T-Helper Cells(CD4) activate B-cells mature in thymus
T-Killer Cells(CD8) cytotoxic destroys cancer, kills foreign agents transplant rejections mature in thymus
T-Suppresor Cells T-Regulatory cells ↓immune system slows antibody production mature in thymus

164
Q

Neutrophils

A

60%increase in acute bacterial infectionsand acute inflammation

165
Q

Lymphocytes

A

30%increase inviral conditionsandchronic inflammation

166
Q

Monocytes

A

5-8%chronic conditionschangeinto phagocytes at tissue level

167
Q

Eosinophils

A

2-4%increase in parasites and allergies

168
Q

Basophils

A

0-0.5%like mast cellsproduce heparin and histamine↑ in conditions that cause histamine release

169
Q

Immune Complex(Acquired Immunity)

A

Antigen↓Macrophage↓CD4↓productes lymphokines↓stimulates b-lymphocytes↓converts plasma cells↓produce antibodies

170
Q

Natural Immunity

A

Involves:Natural Killer CellsMast CellsBasophilsMacrophages

171
Q

Bruton’s Agammaglobulinemia

A

blood cell disorder↓Bcells and↓IgGmc primary immunodeficiency at birthX-linked

172
Q

DiGeorge’s Syndrome

A

hypoplasia of thymus↓primary T-cell deficiency at birth(all T-cells)

173
Q

Hodgkin’s

A

Pel Epstein feverBiopsy: Reed Sternberg Cellsenlarged lymph nodeshepatosplenomegaly

174
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

Leukemia of bone marrowaffects plasma cellsAge 50+example of non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

175
Q

Severe combined immune deficiency

A

Newborn w/o proper B or T cellsbone marrow problemin adult, mc due to aplastic anemiabenzene poisoning

176
Q

Coagulation

A

Injury→ thromboplastin release (needs vitamin K) thromboplastin triggers production of prothrombin in liver prothrombin (w VitK & Ca) converts to thrombin(II)
fibrinogen (using thrombin) converts to fibrin (clot) -positive feedback/”feed forward” more thrombin produced = more fibrin produced clot breakdown: fibrolysin & plasmin dissolve clot

177
Q

Hemophilia A

A

CF VIIIdeficiency”a” /”eight”Von Willebrand Diseasedecrease in platelet adhesion

178
Q

Hemophilia B

A

CF IX deficiencyChristmas Factor DiseaseX-chromosomefemales = carrier, males = disease

179
Q

Hemophlia C

A

CF XI deficiencymild hemophilia

180
Q

Clotting Factors

A 
X = Stuart Prower Factor	
XII = Hageman Factor
181
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

↓RBCs,↓WBCs in bloodcaused by benzene poisoningassociated with bone marrow degeneration

182
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia

A

↓RBC productionnutritionalmcc by chronic blood lossmensesmicrocytic, hypochromic

183
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

↓RBC productionnutritionallack of intrinsic factorgastritis can be a cause

184
Q

Folic Acid Anemia

A

↓RBC productionnutritionalduring pregnancyB9 deficientmegaloblastic anemialeads to spina bifida occulta

185
Q

B12 Anemia

A

↓RBC productionnutritionalseen in vegetariansmacrocytic, hypochromic

186
Q

Anemias caused bybone marrow suppression

A

toxins (benzene→ aplastic anemia)chemotherapy

187
Q

Anemia fromchronic blood loss

A

↓ironmicrocytic, hypochromicFe+ is the only “red” thing in thebody

188
Q

Anemia fromHemorrhage

A

normochromic, normocytic

189
Q

Anemia fromHemolytic breakdown

A

due to sickle cell or malaria

190
Q

Thalassemia Major”Cooley’s Anemia”“Homozygous Beta Thalassemai”“Mediterranean anemia”

A

body makes an abnormal form of hemoglobinchild inherits 2 mutated genes, one from each parent”hair on end” appearance on skull xraygenetic

191
Q

Anemia fromErythroblastosis Fetalis

A

Rh ( - ) mothermother is “negative” with worry( Rh ( + ) father )Rh ( + ) babyType II HypersensitivitycytotoxicOnly relevant in2nd pregnancyDeveloped in firstpregnancy - attackin second

192
Q

Pancytopenia

A

↓RBC↓WBC↓platelets

193
Q

Polycythemia

A

↑RBCs1° polycythemia =Polycythemia Rubra Vera(pathological)2° polycythemia =relative polycythemia(normal response to high altitudes)

194
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

↓platelets in the blood

195
Q

Berry Aneurysm

A

localized dilation of an arteryBerry in the Circle of Willis= subarachnoid hemorrhage

196
Q

Dissecting Aneurysm

A

localized dilation of an arterylongitudinal tearing away of the aorta”tearing pain”

197
Q

Abdominal Aortic Aneurism”AAA”

A

localized dilation of aortasudden LBPhypovolemic shockthready pulse”curvilinear calcification”“fusiform shape”

198
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

fatty plaque deposition(atheroma)form of arteriosclerosislipid deposits in intima oflarge and medium sized arteriesnarrowing of lumen

199
Q

Buerger’s Disease”Thromboangitis Obliterans”

A

lower extermitymales w history of smokingintermittent claudication= cramping upon exertion

200
Q

Cardiac Tamponade

A

fluid to pericardial spaceprevents proper ventricular fillingemergency room!

201
Q

Monkeberg’s Sclerosis

A

tunica media of medium sized arteriescalcifiedsmokers and diabetics

202
Q

Prinzmetal’s Angina

A

coronary artery vasospasm

203
Q

Raynaud’s Syndrome

A

arterial vasospasmmay be 1° or 2° to other collagen diseases like lupushands and feettriphasic color change:WHITE → BLUE → REDtriggered by cold or emotioncan lead to dry gangrenetypically upper extremity in female smokers

204
Q

Rhabdomyoma

A

tumor of striated muscle or heart muscle

205
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

half-moon shaped RBCs”H-shaped vertebra”homozygous sickle cell allele

206
Q

Temporal Arteritis”giant cell arteritis”

A

temporal arteriesassoc. w long-standing hypertensionaffects opthalmic arterycan lead to blindness

207
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot”DRIP”

A

Dextrorotation of aorta”dextroposition”Right ventricular hypertrophyInterventricular septal defectPulmonic Stenosis

208
Q

Valvular lesions

A

tooth extractions(Strep infection causing Aschoff bodies from rheumatic fever)mitral valve affected(Syphilis affects aortic valveStrep affects mitral valve)

209
Q

Acute Lymphoblastic LeukemiaALL

A

mc in children”ALL the little children”

210
Q

Acute Myeloblastic AnemiaAML

A

any agemc acute leukemia in adults(85% of cases)worst prognosis

211
Q

Chronic LymphoblasticLeukemiaCLL

A

mc chronic leukemia in adultschronic leukemia”Cranky Late Lifers”

212
Q

Chronic Myelocytic LeukemiaCML

A

young adulthood (30-40)↑granulocytes”Philadelphia chromosome”(#22)

213
Q

Alkaptonuria

A

homogentistic acid accumulationblack/blue deposits in cartilage, ears, nose, cheekscauses onchronosis(IVD calcification)black urinecan have↑tyrosine(Homogentistic acid is intermediate in phenylalanine & tyrosine metabolism)

214
Q

Charcot Marie Tooth

A

hereditaryprogressive peroneal muscle atrophytibialis anteriorseen in swing of gait

215
Q

Huntington’s Chorea

A

hereditary onset age 30-50basal ganglion affected(atrophy of caudate)↓GABAdementia, death

216
Q

Marfan’s Syndrome

A

arachnodactylyspider-like fingerslens dislocationdissecting aortic aneurysmstall,thin stature

217
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

phenylalanine→ X→ tyrosinedue to phenylalanine hydroxylaseretardationpossibly managed if caught early:phenylalanine-free diet for life

218
Q

Cri du Chat Syndrome

A

piece of chromosome 5 missing”CHS #5 aberration”Cat’s crycharacteristic cry of newbornusually disappears by age 1-2

219
Q

Neimann Pick’s

A

lipodystrophy​sphingomyelinase deficiency=↑sphingomyelin

220
Q

Tay Sach’s

A

lipodystrophy↑gangliosides in braincherry red spots on maculainfant deathmc in Ashkenasi Jews

221
Q

Duchene’s Muscular dystrophy

A

boys age 3-7pseudohypertrophy of calvesmusclereplaced with fatrecessive, x-linkedwaddling gaitproximal muscles affected

222
Q

Myotonic dystrophy

A

can’t relax musclescataracts, insulin resistance

223
Q

Kleinfelter’s

A

47XXY karyotypetall malelow IQtesticular atrophygynecomastiasterile

224
Q

Turner’s

A

45X0 karyotypefemaleshortwebbed neckamenorrhealacks female 2°characteristics

225
Q

Myositis Ossificans

A

calcium or bone within muscled/ttraumamc in quads or bicepsif adductors = “Prussian’s Disease”example of metaplasia

226
Q

Paget’s”Osteitis Deformans”

A

Case Hx: men over 50, increased hat size, bone deformity or enlargement, cortical thickening4 Radiology phases: lytic → mixed → blastic → malignant degenerationosteoclastic combined osteoblastic osteosarcomaLab:↑alkaline phosphatase,↑urinary hydroxyprolinenormal calcium and phosphoruspathological cell = osteoclastic cell

227
Q

Scleroderma”Progressive Systemic Sclerosis”

A 
CREST Signs:	
Calcinosis Cutis	
Raynaud's phenomenon	
Esophageal problems	Sclerodactyly	
Telangectasis	= dilation of superficial blood vessels

sero(+) for RAresorption of distal tufts (acrosteolysis)

228
Q

Acid Phosphatase

A

elevated in prostate cancerwruptured the prostate capsule

229
Q

Alkaline phosphatase

A

elevated in liver and bone conditions

230
Q

Brown’s Atrophy

A

lipofuscin buildup in organs”lipofuscin granules are old age pigments”

231
Q

Mineral Deficiencies

A

1 in United StatesCalcium deficiency#1 WorldwideIron deficiency

232
Q

Caplan’s Syndrome

A

arthritiscoal miners lung w RA nodules

233
Q

Felty’s Syndrome

A

chronic rheumatoid arthritis with splenomegaly

234
Q

Gonococcal Arthritis

A

usually affects the kneeGonorhhea - mcc PID in females

235
Q

Gouty Arthritis(metabolic arthritis)

A

Uric acid in bloodtophi = crystal deposits in tissueif in big toe = “podagra”monoarticularMCC: high purine dietred wine, red meat, aged cheesesdestroys from outside-in”juxtarticular erosions”“overhanging edge sign”

236
Q

OsteoarthritisOA orDJD

A

unilateral distributionin weight-bearing jointssubchondral sclerosis, osteophytesHeberden’s Nodes (DIP)Bouchard’s Nodes (PIP)mc location = hip, then kneemc arthritis

237
Q

Psoriatic ArthritisPA

A

seronegative arthritideHLAB27+periarticular erosionsmouse ear erosionssilver scales, pitted nails

238
Q

Rheumatoid ArthritisRA

A

inflammatorybilateral, symmetrical distributionulnar deviation of wristankylosing of spinepannus formationhypertrophy of synovium of jointHaygarth’s Nodes (MCP)Bouchard’s Nodes (PIP)(never hits DIP joints) *( + ) RA factorBoutonniere or Swan Neckdeformitiestransverse ligament instability

239
Q

Seronegative Arthritis

A

“PEAR”PsoriaticEnteropathic arthropathyAnkylosing SpondylitisReiter’s Syndrome

240
Q

Seropositive Arthritis

A

“RSSS”Rheumatoid ArthritisSjogren’sSclerodermaSystemic Lupus Erythematosus

241
Q

Sjogren’s

A

xeropthalmiadry eyesxerostomiadry mouthseropositivefor RA latex”Sjogren’s in the desert”

242
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A

photosensitivitybutterfly rash (“malar rash”)autoimmuneantibodies against DNAmost damaged organ: kidneyANA/FANA Test

243
Q

Legg Calve Perthes Disease”Perthes Disease”

A

AVN of head of femurin child

244
Q

Avascular Necroses

A

“osteonecrosis” = death of bone due to lack of bloodAVN of lunate = Keinbock’s “kind hands, cold feet”AVN of tarsal navicular = Kohler’sAVN ofhead of femur in child= Legg Calve PerthesAVN ofscaphoid/navicular= Preisser’sAVN of multiple vertebral endplates= Scheuermann’s disc space spared -leads to hyperkyphosis

245
Q

Colles Fracture

A

most common fracture of the wristFx of distal radius with posterior displacement(of distal fragment)”dinner fork deformity”FOOSH

246
Q

Smith’s Fracture

A

“Reverse Colles”Fx of distal radius withanteriordisplacementof distal fragment”garden spade deformity”

247
Q

Osgood Schlatter’s

A

“Tibial Apophysitis”avulsion of tib tub of kneein young, athletic children

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