PATHOLOGY

Question 0

What are substances related whit intrinsic pathway of apoptosis (2) ?

Answer 0

Proapototic BAX/BAK

Anti apoptotic Bcl-2 (inhibit Apaf-1 which activate caspases)

Question 1

What are substances related whit extrinsic pathway of apoptosis (2) ?

Answer 1

Pro apoptotic:

1. FasL to Fas receptor (produce FADD ✅caspases)
2. Perforin and granzyme ✅caspases

Question 2

What type of cells are or susceptible ischemia at the brain?

Answer 2

Pyramidal cells of hippocampus

Purkinje cells at cerebellum

Question 3

What mediators are implicated in angiogenesis?

Answer 3

FGF
TGF-Beta
VEGF

Question 4

What mediator is implicated in activation of platelets , macrophages , fibroblast?

Answer 4

PDGF

Question 6

Want is the function of TNF Alfa?

Answer 6

Maintain the granuloma

Question 6

Explain phases of wound healing (3)

Answer 6

Inflammatory. Platelets, neutrophils, macrophages
(up to 3 days after wound) :
Proliferative Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, macrophages(day 3–weeks after wound):
Remodeling Fibroblasts(1 week–6+ months after wound):

Question 7

What are granulomatous diseases? (14)

Answer 7

Bartonella henselae
BerylliosisChurg-Strauss syndromeCrohn disease
Foreign bodiesFrancisella tularensisFungal infections
Wegener
Listeria monocytogenesM. leprae M. tuberculosis
Treponema pallidum (3° syphilis)
Sarcoidosis A
Schistosomiasis

Question 8

What’s lipofuscin ?

Answer 8

Related whit aging oxidation and polymerization of membranes
LIPID PEROXIDATION !!!!!

Question 9

What type of amyloidosis are? (6)

Answer 9

AL primary Ig light chain chronic diseases
AA secondary Amyloid A. Inflammatory diseases
Dialysis Beta 2 micro globulin
Heritable
Age related transterina in myocardium
Organ specific beta amyloid. APP IAPP

Question 10

What p-glycoprotein MDR1?

Answer 10

Seen in adrenal cell carcinoma or others

Pump out toxins include chemotherapy

Question 11

What carcinoma and sarcoma means?

Answer 11

Carcinoma: epithelial Origen spreads lymphatic

Sarcoma : mesenchymal Origen spread Hematogenus

Question 12

What cellular changes are irreversible?(3)

Answer 12

Anaplasia
Neoplasia
Desmoplasia

Question 13

What molecules acts in clachexia?

Answer 13

TNF Alfa cachetin
IFN gamma
IL-1
IL-6

Question 14

PSaMMoma bodies

Answer 14

Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
ƒSerous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary
ƒMeningioma
ƒMalignant mesothelioma

Question 15

What is metaplasia and displasia?

Answer 15

Metaplasia benign no nuclear atypia

Displasia malignant NUCLEAR ATIPIA

Question 16

Where are sinthezised serum amyloid A (SAA), protein produced in many sever chronic inflammatory disorders?

Answer 16

LIVER

Question 17

Physiopatologic cause of I-cell disease?

Answer 17

Deficiency phosphorylation of mannose residues of lysosomal glycoproteins

Question 18

Which substances are responsible for scar tissue remodeling and contracture?

Answer 18

METALLOPROTEINASES !!!!!

Question 19

Where fibrin lid necrosis ocurrs? (3)

Answer 19

Vasculitis (polyarteritis nodosa)
Malignant hypertension
Diabetes mellitus

Question 21

What are the principal tumor suppressor genes?(8)

Answer 21

APC/beta catetin
BRCA1/BRCA2
DCC
MEN1
NF1 NF2
p53 Rb
VHL
WT1/WT2

Question 21

Big difference between dysplasia and carcinoma

Answer 21

Reversibility changes

Question 22

What are proto-oncogenes? (9)

Answer 22

BCR-ABL
BRAF
HER2/neu (c-erbB2)
L-myc
N-myc 
K-RAS
RET
SIS
TGFA

Question 23

Difference between low grade dysplasia and high grade dysplasia?

Answer 23

low grade dysplasia PART OF THE EPITHELIUM THICKNESS

high grade dysplasia ENTIRE EPITHELIUM THICKNESS