Pathology 3

Question 1

What is rhinitis ?

Answer 1

Common upper respiratory tract infection. Self limiting but can develop into pneumonia etc very occasionally.

Question 2

What is diffuse alveolar damage caused by?

Answer 2

Major trauma
Chemical injury 
circulatory shock 
drugs 
infection 
radiation

Question 3

What is diffuse alveolar damage ?

Answer 3

Very serious restrictive lung disease where there is injury to the alveolar lining.

Question 4

What is pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 4

Restrictive lung disease caused by chronic response to lung injury which very frequently leads to end of life stage honeycomb lung.

Question 5

What are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis ?

Answer 5

Cough 
SOB
Clubbing 
Cyanosis 
Basel crackles

Question 6

What are restrictive lung diseases?

Answer 6

Diseases which arise in response to injury. They can be acute or chronic and often the acute will progress to chronic. The chronic responses to this injury presents as UIPs for example pulmonary fibrosis or a granulomatous response i.e. sarcoidosis and hypersensitivity pneumonia etc. The end stage of a restrictive lung condition is end stage honeycomb lung.

Question 7

What is hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

Answer 7

Looks a bit like pneumonia but more commonly presents chronically. It is a hypersensitivity reaction to organic molecules.

Question 8

What is otitis media?

Answer 8

Ear infection causing erythema and building drum. It is self-limiting and antibiotics don’t help.

Question 9

What is tonsillitis and pharyngitis?

Answer 9

Tonsillitis - Infection of the tonsils Pharyngitis - infection of the pharynx (throat) Causes a sore throat and can be viral (no treatment) or bacterial (give penicillin) It presents with a rash on the chest, pallor around the mouth, feeling ‘off’, temperature, low energy

Question 10

What is Pertussis?

Answer 10

Whopping cough. Common, vaccinated against it, causes coughing fits, vomiting and colour change.

Question 11

What is mesothelioma?

Answer 11

Pleural malignancy. rare and aggressive. Associated with asbestos.

Question 12

Symptoms of mesothelioma?

Answer 12

SOB
Chest pain 
weight loss
clubbing 
pleural effusion

Question 13

What is a Hydropnumothorax?

Answer 13

Collection of fluid and air in the pleural cavity

Question 14

What is a haemothorax?

Answer 14

Collection of blood in the pleural cavity

Question 15

What is CPAM ?

Answer 15

Congenial pulmonary airway malformation which is where there is abnormal non-functioning lung tissue. They normally resolve themselves.

Question 16

What is a Congenital diaphragmatic hernia?

Answer 16

Diaphragm develops however doesn’t close. Requires surgery.

Question 17

What is chronic lung disease?

Answer 17

Associated with premature birth where ongoing oxygen is required.

Question 18

What is neonatal lung disease?

Answer 18

Where there is a lack of change in the lungs after birth i.e. Transient tachypnoea which is associated with C-section and where fluid doesn’t move very effectively around the lungs. Normally improves by itself.