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Irene Gold Study stuff > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Enzymatic necrosis comes from?

A

Pancreas

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2
Q

Zenker’s (waxy) necrosis

A

Hyaline. Most common in skeletal muscle. Muscle replaced with hyaline

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3
Q

Karyolysis

A

Nuclear rupture

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4
Q

Karyorrhexis

A

Nuclear Swelling

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5
Q

Pyknosis

A

Nuclear condensation

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6
Q

Agenesis

A

Absence of an organ (usually paired organ)

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7
Q

Type 1 collagen

A

Bone, muscle, tendons & ligaments

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8
Q

Type 2 collagen

A

Disc (nucleus pulposis)

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9
Q

Type 3 collagen

A

Reticular collagen (found in spleen & lymph nodes. Also seen in early wound healing)

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10
Q

Type 4 collagen

A

Basement membrane

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11
Q

Siderosis

A

Iron Dust

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12
Q

Byssinosis

A

Cotton dust (brown lung)

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13
Q

Anthracosis

A

Black lung disease from miners “Caplan’s Syndrome” = anthracosis + RA

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14
Q

Histomycosis/Histoplasmosis

A

Endemic fungus around Mississippi or Ohio valleys

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15
Q

Coccidiomycosis

A

Endemic fungus in deserts of southwest

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16
Q

Blastomycosis

A

Endemic fungus on Eastern Seaboard

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17
Q

Asthma (sputum contains?)

A

Sputum analysis yields “Curschmann’s Spirals” or “charcot Leyden crystals”

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18
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis

A

Honeycomb lungs

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19
Q

Wegener’s granulomatosis

A

Vasculitis of the lung and kidney

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20
Q

Emphysema

A

Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency

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21
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Most cmommonly caused by prostate problems or ureter stones

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22
Q

Nephritic syndrome

A

RBCs & small amounts of protein in the urine (ie: acute glomerulonephritis

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23
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A 
"Pre-ecclampsia = HEP, hypertension, edema, proteinurea (massive)
Ecclampsia = HEP + convulsions + coma = potentially fatal
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24
Q

Renal shock

A

Acute tubular necrosis

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25
Q

Wilm’s

A

Nephroblastoma (mixed tumor of kiney in children (malignant)

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26
Q

Conn’s

A

XS aldosterone (hypertension, water retention)

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27
Q

Addison’s

A

decreased cortisol (low BP, Hyperpigmentation d/t XS ACTH -> increased MSH, Fatigue symptoms)

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28
Q

Goiter

A

Hyperplasia of thyroid cells d/t lack of iodine

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29
Q

Graves disease

A

Hyperthyroidism (exophthalmoses, heat intolerance, weight loss, rapid HR, hair loss)

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30
Q

Hashimotos

A

Autoimmune cause of hypothyroidism

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31
Q

Myxedma

A

Hypothyroidsm. Cretinism in children. (Cold intolerance, weight gain, slow HR, loss of lateral 1/3 eyebrows, slow mental faculties

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32
Q

Epispadias

A

Urethra exits on the dorsal surface of the penis

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33
Q

Hypospadias

A

Urethra opens on ventral surface of penis

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34
Q

Leiomyoma

A

Tumor of smooth muscle (fibroids of uterus)

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35
Q

Seminoma

A

Cancer of testes, most common cause of testicular cancer, mesenchymal/stem cells

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36
Q

Polycystic ovary disease

A

Anovulation, obesity, hirsuitism (XS hair on body and face)

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37
Q

Cervical cancer

A

HPV 16 virus

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38
Q

Increased HcG

A

Pregnancy or hydatidiform mole (non viable embryo)

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39
Q

Syphyilis (congenital) signs

A

1) Hutchinsons’s teeth - notched permanent upper incisors
2) Rhagades - fissures or cracks at edge of mouth
3) Saddle nose deformity (bridge of nose fattlened
4) Sabre blad tibia
5) Interstitial keratitis - produces visual changes.
(deafness can also be associated but not always

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40
Q

Syphilis (acquired) signs

A

Primary: hard singular painless nodule (chanchre) on perineum
Secondary: Maculopapular rash and condylomata lata (flat warts on vulva)
Tertiary: Tabes Dorsalis, aortic aneurysm, Gummas, inclusion body in CNS. Argyll Roberston pupuil (Prostitute’s pupil) = doesn’t react to light but constricts with accomodation

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41
Q

Adie’s pupil

A

Tonic pupil dilation (Mydriasis) d/t injury to CN III Edinger Westphal nucleus

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42
Q

Miosis

A

Tonic pupil constriction d/t injury to sympathetic cervical ganglia

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43
Q

Chancroid

A

Soft painful chancroid caused by haemophilus ducreyi (gram -ve coccobacillus)

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44
Q

Gardnerella vaginalis

A

Similar to Trichomonas, except bacterial

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45
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Gram (-) diplococcus m/c with PID/Salpinitis. Burning urination. PUs in urine. May produce arthritis m/c DJD in knee

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46
Q

Lymphogranuloma venereum

A

Chlamydia = orgaism. Produces rectal strtures. Diagnose with Frei test

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47
Q

Trichomonas

A

Purulent vaginal discharge. Gree and frothy, fish, foul. Protozoan

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48
Q

Budd-Chiari

A

Occlusion of hepatic veins: Triad of abdominal pain, ascites and hepatomegaly.
Acute = rapid severe upper abdominal pain, jaudice, hepatomegaly, increase liver enzymes and eventual encephalopathy

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49
Q

Crohn’s

A

Autoimmune. Seen in young people. Affects distal small intestine (ileum, cecum and ascending colon (right sided problem). Skip lesions, or cobblestone appearance. NO BLOODY diarrhea. leads to dehydration b/c most water reabsorbed in small intestine (AKA distal ileitis, regional enteritis, regional ileitis)

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50
Q

Hirschbrung’s

A

Congenital megacolon. Absence of myenteric plexus = parasympathetic motor plexus. (Meissner’s plexus detects chemicals)

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51
Q

Intussusception

A

Telescoping of intestine onto itself, can be caused by rotovirus vaccine

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52
Q

Mallory-Weiss syndrome

A

proximal stomachHematemisis d/t alcoholism. Lacerations of esophagus and

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53
Q

Peutzjegher’s

A

Polyposis characterized by polyps in the entire GI tract

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54
Q

Plummer Vinson syndrome

A

Iron deficiency anemia, cheilosis, esophageal webbing and glossitis

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55
Q

Ulcerative collitis

A

AKA toxic megacolon. Pathological intestinal changes, ulcers, BLOOD DIARRHEA, AFFECTS LEFT SIDE OF ABDOMEN (descending and sigmoid colon) “Lead Pipe rigidity

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56
Q

Zenker’s diverticulum

A

Outpouching of the esophagus

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57
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Decreased ADH d/t posterior pituitary problem (dehydration)

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58
Q

Marasmus

A

Calorie Malnutrition, includes protein

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59
Q

Wilson’s

A

Inborn error of copper metabolism. Kayser Fleisher rings = Copper deposits in eye. Hepatolenticular degeneration

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60
Q

Brain Tumors

A

1) Atrocytoma (Type I and II) = m/c and best prognosis in CNS
2) Glioma’s = m/c in CNS
3) Gliobastoma mutliform = worst prognosis (affects cerbrum)
4) Medulloblastoma = m/c seen in cerebellar vermsi in children. m/c cerebellar tumor
5) Oligodendroglioma = slowest growing (affects cerebru)
6) Schwannoma = CN VII = acoustic neuroma. Onion bulb tumor (most common cause of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss

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61
Q

Friedreich’s ataxia

A

Lesions of sclerosis of the spinocerebellar tract (neurofibrillary tangles)

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62
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A

Interruption of cervical sympathetics (trauma, pancoast tumor) Symptoms = ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis, enophthalmosis

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63
Q

Neurofibromatosis

A

Von Recklinhausen’s disease. Cafe au lait spots “coast of california appearance

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64
Q

Onion Bulb Tumor

A

Schwann Cell tumor

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65
Q

Parkison’s inclusion bodies

A

Lewy bodies

66
Q

PLS

A

POsterolateral sclerosis aka combined systems disease. Dorsal colums and corticospinal tract affected. Results from long term pernicious anemia (decreased IF) or decreased Vit B12

67
Q

Aneurismal bone cyst

A

Benign bone tumor. Metaphyseal/diaphyseal. Eccentric. Blister of bone

68
Q

Brown’s tumor

A

Tumor shaped radiolucency d/t loss of bone density from PTH

69
Q

Burkett’s lymphoma

A

Starry sky appearance. Jaw mass. Central african child. Epstein Barr virus

70
Q

Carcinoma in situ

A

Cancer of the epithelial tissue that has not invaded basement membrane

71
Q

Chondroblastoma

A

Benign bone tumor <20. epiphyseal/metphyseal

72
Q

Chondroma

A

Benigh tumor of cartilage

73
Q

Chordoma

A

Cancer that is most commonly seen in sacrum. Crosses joints

74
Q

Enchondroma

A

Benign hand tumor. Stippled calcification. 2_ enchondromas = multiple enchondromatosis. Enchondromatosis + soft tissue swelling + bone deformity = Maffuci’s syndrome

75
Q

Ewing’s sarcoma

A

Multi-laminated (onion skin appearance) periosteal reaction. Cortical saucerization. Children 10-25. Moth eaten appearance in medulla -> mimics osteomyelitis

76
Q

Fibroadenoma of breast

A

M/C breast tumor associated with estrogens

77
Q

Giant cell tumor

A

Tumor of osteoclasts. Osteoclastoma. M/c in knee. Quasi-malignant Age 20-40, epiphyseal/metphyseal

78
Q

Hemangioma

A

Benign tumor of blood vessels, most commonly found in spine

79
Q

Histiocytosis X

A

Hans-Schuller-Christian disease, Histolytic granuloma, “eosinophilic granuloma. Lipid accumulates -> vertebra plana

80
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Pel-epstein fever, Reed sternberg cells, hepatosplenomegaly, enlarged lymph nodes. increased IgE

81
Q

Krukenberg’s

A

Cancer of stomach that metastasizes to overies, signet ring cell tumor

82
Q

Leukoplakia

A

White patch on oral mucosa from tobacco. cannot be wiped off (precancerous

83
Q

Lung Cancers

A

1) Adenocarcinoma = m/c with non smokers, best prognosis
2) Oat cell and small cell = worst prognosis
3) Squamous cell = most common in smokers
(can get lung cancer from arsenic poisoning. Arsenic in treated wood)

84
Q

Morton’s neuroma

A

Between heads of 3-4 metatarsals

85
Q

Multiple Myeloma (plasma cell leukemia/sarcoma)

A

m/c primary bone malignancy in adults. amyloid buildup. Inclusion bodies = russel bodies
x-ray = punched out lesions
Lab: IgG M-spike, Reverse A/G ratio. Rouleaux formation, normocytic, nomochromic anemia, elevated ESR

86
Q

Myxoma

A

m/c benign cardiac tumor & m/c cardiac tumor

87
Q

Osteoblastoma

A

m/c seen in neural arch age 10-30

88
Q

Osteochondroma

A

m/c benign tumor of extremities. 2 types sessile (bump in bone) or peunculated (cartilaginous cap appearance, mushrom projection, coathanger’s exostosis) Multiple osteochondromas = hereditary multiple exostosis

89
Q

Osteoid ostema

A

Pain worse @ night, relieved by aspirin. 15-25. Radiolucent nidus with reactive sclerosis

90
Q

Osteoma

A

Benign tumor of the skull, m/c in frontal sinus

91
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

(Brodie’s abcess if chronic. Sequestrum, involucrum, cloaca. m/c with staph aureus

92
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Neuroblastoma or beign tumor of adrenal medulla (causes episodic hypertension)

93
Q

Rabdomyoma

A

Tumor of striated muscle or heart muscle

94
Q

Simple/Unicameral bone cyst

A

Benign bone tumor. Metphyseal/diaphyseal. Concentric “fallen fragment sign” Age - < 20 found in long bones

95
Q

Stomach Cancer

A

m/c in lesser curvature “leather bottle shaped stomach presentation

96
Q

Teratoma

A

Tumor of all 3 germinal layers

97
Q

Virchow’s nodes

A

Enlarged supraclvicular lymph nodes d/t metastasis usually GI tract, usually left side supraclavicular lymph nodes

98
Q

Wilm’s tumor

A

Nephroblastoma. Mixed tumor of kidney in children

99
Q

Xanthoma

A

Yellow tumor of connective tissue

100
Q

Embolus

A

Foreign body in the bloodtravels. (A thromubs on vacation). Fatty emboli from a fracture in long bones. Emboli in lung m/c from veins in lower extremity

101
Q

Exudate

A

Fluid and high protein (damaged capillary wall)

102
Q

Transudate

A

Fluid and low protein (normal capillary wall)

103
Q

5 stages of inflammation

A

1) Injury
2) Vasoconstriction
3) Vasodilation (histamine and bradykinin)
4) Swelling and edema (cells move into damaged area via chemotaxis -> Diapedisis
5) Healing (mast cells make heparin & serotonin. Serotonin for wound healing, stimulates the myofibroblasts to cause constriction and for type 3 collagen

104
Q

Bradykinin/histamine

A

Vasodilation (increase inflammation)

105
Q

Leukotrienes, Prostglandins, Substance P

A

Inflammation pathway (increase inflammation)

106
Q

Enkephalins/endorphins

A

Pain control (decrease inflammation)

107
Q

NSAIDS

A

Non-steroidal anti-inflmmatory. Cycloxygenase (COX inhibitor)

108
Q

Steroids

A

Phospholipase A2 inhibitor (ie: prednisone)

109
Q

Granulocytes

A

BEN = Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils

110
Q

B-lymphocytes

A

Transform into plasma cells -> make antibodies

111
Q

Basophils

A

Become mast cells: make histamine, bradykinin, serotonin and heparin

112
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

113
Q

Macrophage

A

Monocyte at tissue level. (Kupffer = liver, Dust = lung, microglia = brain, langerhan = skin)

114
Q

Natural killer cells

A

MEN = Monocytes, Eosinophils, neutrophils

115
Q

T- lymphocytes

A

T-helper = CD4 = activate B cells
T=killer cells = CD8 = cytotoxic cells. Destroy cancer. Kills foreign agents Ie transplants
T-suppressor cvells = T-regulatory cells, decrease immune system. Slows antibody production

116
Q

Immune Complex

A

Antigen -> Macrophage (antigen presenting cell) -> CD4 cell -> produces lymphokines -> stimulates B-lymphocytes -> converts to plasma cells -> produce antibodies

117
Q

What types of cells does natural immunity?

A

Natural killer cells

Mast cells

118
Q

Bruton’s Agammaaglobulinnemia

A

Decreased B cells. Decreased IgG m/cprimary immunodeficiency at birth. X-linked

119
Q

DiGeorge’s

A

Hypoplasia of thymus = primary degree of T cell deficiency

120
Q

Severe Combined immunesystem

A

Newborn without proper B or T cells. Probelm with bone arrow in adult, m/c due to aplastic anemia.

121
Q

Coagulation

A

Injury -> release of thromboplastin (needs vit K), Thromboplastin triggers production of prophrombi (using vit KandCa2+) Fibirinogen using thrombini convers to fibrin. Also made in the liver Themore throbin produced the more fibrin produced

122
Q

Hemophilia A

A

8 deficiency, Von willdebrand disease, decrease in platelet adhesion

123
Q

Hemophila B

A

9 Deficency ( Christmas factor disease), X-chromose. Female seter

124
Q

Hemophilia from Factor 10 AKA

A

Stuart factor

125
Q

Hemoophilia C``

A

11deficienccy

126
Q

What is chronosomie 12

A

Hageman factor

127
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

Decreased RBCs and WBCs in the blod

128
Q

Decreased production of RBC’s

A

Iron deficiency (chronic blood loss, microcyti, hypochromic

2) pernicious = lack of intrinsiffactor
3) )Folic acid = in pregnancy (megaloblastic anemia. leads tospina bifida occulta
4) B-12 = seen in vegetarians

129
Q

Loss of blood

A

1) Chronic blood loss -> decrease iron
2) Hemorrhage = normochromic/normocytic anemia
3) hemolytic breakdow (sick cell, malaria)
4) Thalassemia Major (Cooley’s anemia, Mediterranian anemia, Hair on end appearanec on skull
5) Erythroblastosis Fetalis: Rh- mother, RH+ father, Rh + baby. Type II cytotoxic.

130
Q

If a newborn has deficiency of both B&T cells,whichof the following is there atrophyof?

A

Bone Marrow

131
Q

Aneurysm

A

Localized dilation of an artery

1) Berry in circle of willlis - Subarachnoid hemorrhage
2) Dissecting: Longitudinal tearing away of the aorta “tearing pain”
3) Abdominal aorta: Sudden low backpain, hypovolemic shock, thready pulse. “Curvilinear calcification, fusiform shape

132
Q

Buerger’s

A

AKA Thromboangitis obliterans. Lower exteremity, males with history of smoking. Intermittent Claudication = cramping with exertion

133
Q

Coaractation of aorta

A

Narrowing of aorta distal to the left subclavian. Produces HTN in upper extremities and hypotension in lower extremities

134
Q

Monkeberg’s sclerosis

A

Tunica media of medium sized arteries calcified. In smokers and diabetics

135
Q

Prinzmetal’s angina

A

Coronary artery vasospasm

136
Q

Rhabdomyoma

A

Tumor of striated muscle or heart muscle

137
Q

Takayasu arteritis

A

AKA pulseless disease” Granulomatous inflammation of the aortic arch

138
Q

Temporal arteritis

A

AKA “ginat cellarteritis” affects temmporal arteries. Associated with long-standing HTN. Blindness if ophtalmic artery is hit.

139
Q

Tetrology of fallot

A

DRIP
Dextrorotation of aorta
Right vent hypertophyInterventricular septal defect
Pulmonic stenosis

140
Q

Valvular lesions

A

D/t tooth extraction ( strep infecction causing Aschoff bodies from Rheumatic fever. Mitral valve affected

141
Q

Siphilis and strep on heart valves?

A

Syphilis affects aortic valve and strep affects mitral valve

142
Q

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

A

m//c in children

143
Q

Acute myeloblastic

A

Any age, m/c acute leukemia in adults (worst prognosis)

144
Q

Chronic lymphocytic

A

m/c chronic in adults. Chronic leukemia

145
Q

Chronic myelocytic

A

Youngadulthood, increased granulocytes “philadephia chromosome #22’

146
Q

Achondroplasia

A

Common formofgenetic dwardfism: Growth plates affected, radiology:bullet vertebra, trident hand

147
Q

Alkaptonuria

A

Accumulation of homogentisicacid, blue-black deposits in cartilage, ears, nose and cheeks. Causes ochronosis (calcification of discs in spine). Urine turns black on standing collection and can get increase of tyrosine. Homogentisic acid is intermediate in phenyalanine and tyrosine metabolism

148
Q

Charcot Marie Tooth

A

Hereditary progressive peroneal muscle atrophy. Affects Tib Ant also

149
Q

Huntinton’s chorea

A

Hereditary onset age 30-50. basal ganglion affected:atrophy of caudate. On Chromosome #4 decrease inGABA. Producesdementia and death

150
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

Can’t convert phenylalanine ot tyrosine d/t phenylalanine hydroxylase. Retardation can becontrolled bydiet if caught early

151
Q

Von Gierke’s

A

Lacks enzyme (glucose-6-phosphatase) in liver. XS glycogen stored inliver, can’t break down

152
Q

Cri du chat

A

CHS #5 aberration. Cats cry. Characteristic cry of newborn. Disappears usually by age 1-2

153
Q

Gaucher’s

A

Lipodystrophy. XS glucerebrosides in brain, liver and spleen

154
Q

Krabbe’s

A

Lipodystrophy. SX galactocerebrosides in white matter

155
Q

Niemann Pick’s

A

Lipodystrophy. Increasedsphingomyelin. A sphingomyelinase deficiency

156
Q

Tay Sach’s

A

Lipodystrophy. Increased gagliosides in brain.Glycosphingolipid. Hexosaminidase A deficiency. Cherry red spots on the macula. Infant death. m/c in Ashkenasi Jews

157
Q

Duchene’s Muscular dystrophy

A

Boys age 3-7. Pseudohypertrophy of calves. Musclereplaced by fat. Recessive X-linked. Increased CPK (creatine phosphokinase). Waddling gait, proximal muscles affected

158
Q

Fascioscapulohumeral dystrophy

A

Autosomal dominant form of muscular dystrophy in adults. Affects facce, scapula and upper arms

159
Q

Limbgirdle dystrophy

A

Autosomal class of muscular dystrophy. Effects hips and shoulders

160
Q

Myotonic dystrophy

A

Can’t relax muscle

161
Q

Fragile X

A

Sex linked m/c form of mild mentalretardation caused by fragile site at XQ27

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